ArticleImmunology letters2023
Serum profiles of pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines in non-hospitalized patients with mild/moderate COVID-19 infection.
Article in Immunology letters, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 11 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
11 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 15 citations in OpenAlex.
- The Role of Selected Interleukins in the Development and Progression of Multiple Sclerosis-A Systematic Review.International journal of molecular sciences · 2024Pooled it
- Nebulized glycyrrhizin/enoxolone drug modulates IL-17A in COVID-19 patients: a randomized clinical trial.Frontiers in immunology · 2023Trial
- Clinical Manifestations and Immunological Impacts in Co-Infections and Sequential Infections of SARS-CoV-2 and Arboviruses.Current microbiology · 2026Review
- Targeting oxidative stress and neurodegeneration: the role of Putranjiva roxburghii in Alzheimer's.Inflammopharmacology · 2026Review
- Single-cell Analysis of Intracellular Transport and Expression of Cell Surface Proteins.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2025Article
- Cytokine-Based Insights into Bloodstream Infections and Bacterial Gram Typing in ICU COVID-19 Patients.Metabolites · 2025Article
- Impact of Maternal Exposure to SARS-CoV-2 on Immunological Components of Breast Milk.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Review
- COVID-19 long: evaluation of quality of life, sarcopenia and proteinuria.Revista de saude publica · 2025Article
- Comparative Effects of Vitamin D Supplementation on Oxidative Stress in Relapsing-Remitting Multiple Sclerosis.Current issues in molecular biology · 2024Article
- Surveying haemoperfusion impact on COVID-19 from machine learning using Shapley values.Inflammopharmacology · 2024Article
- T Cell Response in Tuberculosis-Infected Patients Vaccinated against COVID-19.Microorganisms · 2023Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
3 authors at 2 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
This study attempted to explore pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory responses in patients with mild/moderate coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19). Eight pro-inflammatory (IL-1α, IL-1β, IL-12, IL-17A, IL-17E, IL-31, IFN-γ and TNF-α) and three anti-inflammatory (IL-1Ra, IL-10 and IL-13) cytokines, as well as two chemokines (CXCL9 and CXCL10), were analyzed in the serum from ninety COVID-19 patients and healthy controls. Cytokine/chemokine levels were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kits. Results revealed that IL-1α, IL-1β, IL-10, IL-12, IL-13, IL-17A, IL-31, IFN-γ, TNF-α and CXCL10 were significantly higher in patients than in controls, while IL-1Ra levels were significantly lower in patients. IL-17E and CXCL9 levels showed no significant differences between patients and controls. Seven cytokines/chemokines recorded an area under the curve greater than 0.8: IL-12 (0.945), IL-17A (0.926), CXCL10 (0.909), IFN-γ (0.904), IL-1α (0.869), TNF-α (0.825) and IL-10 (0.821). As indicated by the odds ratio, elevated levels of nine cytokines/chemokines were associated with an increased risk of COVID-19: IL-1α (19.04), IL-10 (5.01), IL-12 (43.66), IL-13 (4.25), IL-17A (16.62), IL-31 (7.38), IFN-γ (13.55), TNF-α (12.00) and CXCL10 (11.18). Only one positive (IL-17E with TNF-α) and six negative (IL-1β, IL-17A and IL-17E with CXCL9, IL-10 with IL-17A, and IL-1β and IL-17A with CXCL10) correlations were found between these cytokines/chemokines. In conclusion, pro-inflammatory (IL-1α, IL-1β, IL-12, IL-13, IL-17A, IL-31, IFN-γ, TNF-α and CXCL10) and anti-inflammatory (IL-10 and IL-13) cytokines/chemokines were up-regulated in the serum of patients with mild/moderate COVID-19. Their potential as biomarkers for diagnosis and prognosis is suggested and the association with COVID-19 risk is indicated to give more insight on COVID-19 immunological responses among non-hospitalized patients.
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