ArticleActa parasitologica2023
Sublethal Exposure to Plasma-Activated Water Influences the Morphological Characteristics, Phagocytic Ability, and Virulence of Acanthamoeba castellanii.
Article in Acta parasitologica, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 4 papers.
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Who cites it
4 citing papers in PubMed, 4 citations in OpenAlex.
- Oxidative Stress and Redox Imbalance inInternational journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- Silver(I)-NHC Complexes as Dual-Action Agents Against PathogenicInternational journal of molecular sciences · 2025Article
- Acanthamoeba spp.: Neglected Protists in Veterinary Medicine.Acta parasitologica · 2025Review
- Effect of Cinnamaldehyde and Its Nanoemulsion on Acanthamoeba castellanii Cysts and Trophozoites.Acta parasitologica · 2025Article
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Authors and funding
5 authors at 2 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
purposeThis study aimed to examine the ultrastructure, cytotoxicity, phagocytosis, and antioxidant responses of Acanthamoeba castellanii trophozoites exposed to sublethal plasma-activated water.
methodsTrophozoites were exposed to a sublethal treatment of PAW and compared to untreated viable trophozoites via adhesion assays on macrophage monolayers, osmo- and thermotolerance tests. Bacterial uptake was assessed in treated cells to evaluate their phagocytic characteristics. Oxidative stress biomarkers and antioxidant activities were compared in treated and untreated trophozoites. Finally, the expression of the mannose-binding protein (MBP), cysteine protease 3 (CP3), and serine endopeptidase (SEP) genes was determined in cells.
resultsIn PAW-treated trophozoites, cytopathic effects were more extensive and resulted in the detachment of macrophage monolayers. Treated trophozoites could not grow at high temperatures (43 °C). Moreover, they showed osmotolerance to 0.5 M D-mannitol but not to 1 M. Results demonstrated a higher bacterial uptake rate by PAW-treated trophozoites than untreated cells. Activities of superoxide dismutase and catalase and catalase were significantly greater in the treated trophozoites, and the glutathione and glutathione/glutathione disulfide were significantly lower in the PAW-treated cells. Exposure to PAW also significantly increased the malondialdehyde level and total antioxidant capacity. Treatment with PAW led to significantly higher expression of virulent genes like MBP, CP3, and SEP.
conclusionPAW is a double-edged sword against A. castellanii. PAW is an effective antiamoebic agent in proper usage, whereas its sublethal exposure may reduce its effectiveness and increase amoebas' pathogenicity. An agent's adequate concentration and exposure time are essential to achieve optimum results.
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