ArticleBMC public health2023
Pay-it-forward gonorrhea and chlamydia testing among men who have sex with men and male STD patients in China: the PIONEER pragmatic, cluster randomized controlled trial protocol.
Article in BMC public health, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT05723263 (IGHID 12118 - Pay-it-forward Gonorrhea and Chlamydia Testing Among Men in China), which is not on this map. Cited by 8 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
IGHID 12118 - Pay-it-forward Gonorrhea and Chlamydia Testing Among Men in China: The PIONEER Pragmatic Randomized Controlled Trial
Who cites it
8 citing papers in PubMed, 10 citations in OpenAlex.
- Financing STI testing among men in China: A mixed-methods study of pay-it-forward monetary donations.PloS one · 2026Trial
- Factors affecting caregivers' HPV vaccination decisions for adolescent girls: A secondary analysis of a Chinese RCT.PloS one · 2025Trial
- Evaluating Pay-It-Forward Strategy to Promote Hepatitis B Virus and Hepatitis C Virus Testing Among International Migrants From Low- and Middle-Income Countries in China: Protocol for a Cluster Randomized Controlled Trial.JMIR research protocols · 2026Article
- Community engagement and implementation science: a hermeneutic review for implementation scientists.Implementation science communications · 2026Review
- The changing epidemiology of syphilis: new strategies for new challenges in China.The Lancet regional health. Western Pacific · 2025Review
- Article
- A pay-it-forward approach to improve feedback rate of HPV-based self-sampling in cervical cancer screening among women in ethnic minority regions of China: a randomized controlled trial protocol.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2025Article
- Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
18 authors at 5 institutions in 3 countries.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundGonorrhea and chlamydia are the most common sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) among men who have sex with men (MSM) in China. Previous studies have shown pay-it-forward (PIF) interventions to be associated with a substantial increase in gonorrhea and chlamydia test uptake compared to standard-of-care. We propose a 'pay-it-forward' gonorrhea and chlamydia testing randomized controlled trial (PIONEER). The trial would evaluate the effectiveness of two pay-it-forward strategies in promoting testing uptake compared to the standard of care (in which men pay for their tests out-of-pocket) among MSM and male STD patients in China.
methodsPIONEER will be a three-armed, pragmatic cluster randomized controlled trial (RCT), conducted across 12 clinics (six MSM-led and six public STD clinics) to compare the effectiveness of three implementation strategies. Each facility will be randomized to a standard pay-it-forward intervention of gonorrhea/ chlamydia testing with minimal encouragement for testing, a community-engaged pay-it-forward arm, or a control arm where men pay for their tests out-of-pockets. The primary outcome will be dual gonorrhea/chlamydia test uptake. Secondary outcomes will include syphilis testing, amount donated in pay-it-forward, number of positive gonorrhea and chlamydia tests, and measures of antimicrobial resistance. A sequential transformative mixed methods design will be used to evaluate the implementation process in type 2 effectiveness-implementation hybrid design. Data sources will include survey on acceptability, and feelings and attitudes towards the interventions among participants; testing and treatment uptake data from clinic records, WeChat records, and qualitative data to gain insights into men's perceptions and attitudes towards the pay-it-forward, mechanisms driving uptake, and donating behaviors. Implementers and organizers will be interviewed about fidelity and adherence to protocol, sustainability of pay-it-forward intervention, and barriers and facilitators of implementing the intervention. DISCUSSION: PIONEER will substantially increase gonorrhea/chlamydia testing among MSM in China, providing an innovative and new financial mechanism to sustain STD screening among sexual minorities in low- and middle-income countries. This study will answer compelling scientific questions about how best to implement pay-it-forward and the individual and organizational characteristics that moderate it.
trial registrationThe study with identification number NCT05723263 has been registered on clinicaltrials.gov/.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.