Structure and dynamics of an archetypal DNA nanoarchitecture revealed via cryo-EM and molecular dynamics simulations.

DNA can be folded into rationally designed, unique, and functional materials. To fully realise the potential of these DNA materials, a fundamental understanding of their structure and dynamics is necessary, both in simple solvents as well as more complex and diverse anisotropic environments. Here we analyse an archetypal six-duplex DNA nanoarchitecture with single-particle cryo-electron microscopy and molecular dynamics simulations in solvents of tunable ionic strength and within the anisotropic environment of biological membranes. Outside lipid bilayers, the six-duplex bundle lacks the designed symmetrical barrel-type architecture. Rather, duplexes are arranged in non-hexagonal fashion and are disorted to form a wider, less elongated structure. Insertion into lipid membranes, however, restores the anticipated barrel shape due to lateral duplex compression by the bilayer. The salt concentration has a drastic impact on the stability of the inserted barrel-shaped DNA nanopore given the tunable electrostatic repulsion between the negatively charged duplexes. By synergistically combining experiments and simulations, we increase fundamental understanding into the environment-dependent structural dynamics of a widely used nanoarchitecture. This insight will pave the way for future engineering and biosensing applications.