ArticleJournal of travel medicine2023
Defining drivers of under-immunization and vaccine hesitancy in refugee and migrant populations.
Article in Journal of travel medicine, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 31 papers, 6 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
31 citing papers in PubMed, 6 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 46 citations in OpenAlex.
- Vaccine preferences and their role for vaccine confidence and uptake: a meta-ethnography.Global health action · 2026Pooled it
- Pooled it
- Drivers of human papillomavirus vaccine uptake in migrant populations and interventions to improve coverage: a systematic review and meta-analysis.The Lancet. Public health · 2025Pooled it
- Vaccination in Forcibly Displaced, Pediatric Populations: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.JAMA network open · 2025Pooled it
- The immune status of migrant populations in Europe and implications for vaccine-preventable disease control: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Journal of travel medicine · 2024Pooled it
- Interventions to increase vaccination against COVID-19, influenza and pertussis during pregnancy: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Journal of travel medicine · 2023Pooled it
- Psychological determinants of vaccine hesitancy among Syrian refugees in Türkiye: a cross-sectional study.BMC public health · 2026Article
- Review
- Determinants of diphtheria vaccination uptake during a mass immunization campaign in Mogadishu, Somalia: a cross-sectional study.Frontiers in public health · 2026Article
- Low Childhood Vaccination Coverage among Ukrainian Refugees in Norway. A Nationwide, Register-Based Cohort Study, 2022-2023.Journal of immigrant and minority health · 2025Article
- Coverage of the influenza and pneumococcal vaccinations among immigrant and non-immigrant older adults in Canada: a cross-sectional analysis of data from the Canadian Longitudinal Study on Aging (CLSA).BMC public health · 2025Article
- Review
- Vaccination models of delivery for refugees and migrants: a global scoping review.BMC public health · 2025Article
- Disparities in Toxoplasmosis, "Other" Infections (Syphilis, HIV, Hepatitis Viruses, Varicella-Zoster Virus, and Parvovirus B19), Rubella, Cytomegalovirus, and Herpes Simplex Virus Seroprevalence and Childbirth Experiences between Migrant and Nonmigrant Pregnant Women in Italy: A Single-Center Study.The American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene · 2025Observational
- Article
- Precarity, agency and trust: Vaccination decision-making in the context of the UK asylum system.SSM. Qualitative research in health · 2025Article
- Using Measles Outbreaks to Identify Under-Resourced Health Systems in Low- and Middle-Income Countries: A Predictive Model.Vaccines · 2025Article
- Preparedness and response to the international poliovirus and diphtheria reintroduction alert: public health interventions and strategy review in the Veneto Region, Italy.Frontiers in public health · 2025Article
- COVID-19 vaccine barriers among pregnant and lactating refugee women: a case study.Frontiers in public health · 2025Article
- Vaccination experiences and decision-making in older adult Korean immigrants living in Canada: A qualitative descriptive study.PLOS global public health · 2025Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
11 authors at 2 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
BACKGROUND/
objectiveSome refugee and migrant populations globally showed lower uptake of COVID-19 vaccines and are also considered to be an under-immunized group for routine vaccinations. These communities may experience a range of barriers to vaccination systems, yet there is a need to better explore drivers of under-immunization and vaccine hesitancy in these mobile groups.
methodsWe did a global rapid review to explore drivers of under-immunization and vaccine hesitancy to define strategies to strengthen both COVID-19 and routine vaccination uptake, searching MEDLINE, Embase, Global Health PsycINFO and grey literature. Qualitative data were analysed thematically to identify drivers of under-immunization and vaccine hesitancy, and then categorized using the 'Increasing Vaccination Model'.
resultsSixty-three papers were included, reporting data on diverse population groups, including refugees, asylum seekers, labour migrants and undocumented migrants in 22 countries. Drivers of under-immunization and vaccine hesitancy pertaining to a wide range of vaccines were covered, including COVID-19 (n = 27), human papillomavirus (13), measles or Measles-mumps-rubella (MMR) (3), influenza (3), tetanus (1) and vaccination in general. We found a range of factors driving under-immunization and hesitancy in refugee and migrant groups, including unique awareness and access factors that need to be better considered in policy and service delivery. Acceptability of vaccination was often deeply rooted in social and historical context and influenced by personal risk perception.
conclusionsThese findings hold direct relevance to current efforts to ensure high levels of global coverage for a range of vaccines and to ensure that marginalized refugee and migrant populations are included in the national vaccination plans of low-, middle- and high-income countries. We found a stark lack of research from low- and middle-income and humanitarian contexts on vaccination in mobile groups. This needs to be urgently rectified if we are to design and deliver effective programmes that ensure high coverage for COVID-19 and routine vaccinations.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.