ArticleStroke2023
Traumatic Brain Injury and Long-Term Risk of Stroke Among US Military Veterans.
Article in Stroke, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 17 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
17 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 20 citations in OpenAlex.
- Risk of stroke after traumatic brain injury: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Acta neurologica Belgica · 2025Pooled it
- Identification and characterization of intracerebral hemorrhage events in elderly veterans with alzheimer's disease in the veterans affairs healthcare system.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Mapping the Evidence on Cardiovascular Disease Risk among Individuals Experiencing Disability: A Scoping Review.American journal of physical medicine & rehabilitation · 2026Article
- Stroke risk after traumatic brain injury in older adults : impact of smoking and alcohol consumption.BMC geriatrics · 2026Article
- Effect of Paxlovid treatment during acute COVID-19 on Long COVID onset: An EHR-based target trial emulation from the N3C and RECOVER consortia.PLoS medicine · 2025Article
- Dementia Risk Due to Traumatic Brain Injury in Subtypes of Dementia in the Welsh Population.Neurology · 2025Observational
- Traumatic Brain Injury and Dementia: Mechanisms, Risk Stratification, and Clinical Management.Journal of clinical neurology (Seoul, Korea) · 2025Review
- Traumatic brain injury persistently increases the incidence of both ischemic and hemorrhagic strokes: Potential mechanisms.Progress in neurobiology · 2025Review
- EFFECT OF PAXLOVID TREATMENT DURING ACUTE COVID-19 ON LONG COVID ONSET: AN EHR-BASED TARGET TRIAL EMULATION FROM THE N3C AND RECOVER CONSORTIA.medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences · 2025Article
- Association Between Stroke and Traumatic Brain Injury: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.NeuroSci · 2025Review
- Effect of nirmatrelvir/ritonavir (Paxlovid) on hospitalization among adults with COVID-19: An electronic health record-based target trial emulation from N3C.PLoS medicine · 2025Article
- Translational Medicine in Acute Ischemic Stroke and Traumatic Brain Injury-NeuroAiD Trials, from Traditional Beliefs to Evidence-Based Therapy.Biomolecules · 2024Review
- Article
- Sex-dependent temporal changes in astrocyte-vessel interactions following diffuse traumatic brain injury in rats.Frontiers in physiology · 2024Article
- Prevalence and characteristics of comorbid stroke and traumatic brain injury in a real-world population: findings from a nationally representative cross-sectional survey in China.BMC public health · 2023Article
- American Heart Association EPI|Lifestyle Scientific Sessions: 2022 Meeting Highlights.Journal of the American Heart Association · 2023Article
- Transforming Research and Clinical Knowledge in Older Veterans with Acute Traumatic Brain Injury: A Longitudinal Observational Study.Neurotrauma reportsArticle
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
6 authors at 3 institutions in 3 countries.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundTraumatic brain injury (TBI) is associated with significant morbidity, but the association of TBI with long-term stroke risk in diverse populations remains less clear. Our objective was to examine the long-term associations of TBI with stroke and to investigate potential differences by age, sex, race and ethnicity, and time since TBI diagnosis.
methodsRetrospective cohort study of US military veterans aged 18+ years receiving healthcare in the Veterans Health Administration system between October 1, 2002 and September 30, 2019. Veterans with TBI were matched 1:1 to veterans without TBI on age, sex, race and ethnicity, and index date, yielding 306 796 veterans with TBI and 306 796 veterans without TBI included in the study. In primary analyses, Fine-Gray proportional hazards models adjusted for sociodemographics and medical/psychiatric comorbidities were used to estimate the association between TBI and stroke risk, accounting for the competing risk of mortality.
resultsParticipants were a mean age of 50 years, 9% were female, and 25% were of non-White race and ethnicity. Overall, 4.7% of veterans developed a stroke over a median follow-up of 5.2 years. Veterans with TBI had 1.69 times (95% CI, 1.64-1.73) increased risk of any stroke (ischemic or hemorrhagic) compared to veterans without TBI. This increased risk was highest in the first-year post-TBI diagnosis (hazard ratio [HR], 2.16 [95% CI, 2.03-2.29]) but remained elevated for 10+ years. Similar patterns were observed for secondary outcomes, with associations of TBI with hemorrhagic stroke (HR, 3.92 [95% CI, 3.59-4.29]) being stronger than with ischemic stroke (HR, 1.56 [95% CI, 1.52-1.61]). Veterans with both mild (HR, 1.47 [95% CI, 1.43-1.52]) and moderate/severe/penetrating injury (HR, 2.02 [95% CI, 1.96-2.09]) had increased risk of stroke compared to veterans without TBI. Associations of TBI with stroke were stronger among older compared to younger individuals (
conclusionsVeterans with prior TBI are at increased long-term risk for stroke, suggesting they may be an important population to target for primary stroke prevention measures.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.