ArticleiScience2023
Pattern design of a liquid metal-based wearable heater for constant heat generation under biaxial strain.
Article in iScience, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 6 papers.
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Who cites it
6 citing papers in PubMed.
- Design, Fabrication, and Application of Stretchable Electronic Conductors.Nano-micro letters · 2026Review
- Skin-Integrated Soft Wearable XR Interfaces for Seamless and Realistic User Experience.Chemical reviews · 2025Review
- Recent Advances in Wearable Thermal Devices for Virtual and Augmented Reality.Micromachines · 2025Review
- Recent Developments in Thermally Stable Transparent Thin Films for Heater Applications: A Systematic Review.Nanomaterials (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Review
- Liquid Metal as Energy Conversion Sensitizers: Materials and Applications.Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2024Review
- Gallium-Carbon: A Universal Composite for Sustainable 3D Printing of Integrated Sensor-Heater-Battery Systems in Wearable and Recyclable Electronics.ACS applied materials & interfaces · 2024Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
5 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
As the wearable heater is increasingly popular due to its versatile applications, there is a growing need to improve the tensile stability of the wearable heater. However, maintaining the stability and precise control of heating in resistive heaters for wearable electronics remains challenging due to multiaxial dynamic deformation with human motion. Here, we propose a pattern study for a circuit control system without complex structure or deep learning of the liquid metal (LM)-based wearable heater. The LM direct ink writing (DIW) method was used to fabricate the wearable heaters in various designs. Through the study about the pattern, the significance of input power per unit area for steady average temperature with tension was proven, and the directionality of the pattern was shown to be a factor that makes feedback control difficult due to the difference in resistance change according to strain direction. For this issue, a wearable heater with the same minimal resistance change regardless of the tension direction was developed using Peano curves and sinuous pattern structure. Lastly, by attaching to a human body model, the wearable heater with the circuit control system shows stable heating (52.64°C, with a standard deviation of 0.91°C) in actual motion.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.