ArticleBMC pediatrics2023
Association between Cesarean section and neurodevelopmental disorders in a Japanese birth cohort: the Japan Environment and Children's Study.
Article in BMC pediatrics, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 10 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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Who cites it
10 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Pooled it
- Parental microbiome programming of early-life neurodevelopment: multi-niche contributions through the microbiome-gut-brain axis.Gut microbes · 2026Review
- Sex modulates the long-term effects of delivery mode on microbiota-gut barrier crosstalk and colitis susceptibility in mice.Gut microbes · 2026Article
- Caesarean section may be associated with suspected motor developmental delay at 3 years of age in the Japan Environment and Children's Study.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- The Role of the human microbiome in neurodegenerative diseases: A Perspective.Current genetics · 2025Review
- Low glucose challenge test result as a potential risk factor for delays in early child development: the Japan environment and children's study.Journal of diabetes and metabolic disorders · 2025Article
- Cesarean delivery on child health and development in Japanese nationwide birth cohort.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Modified neuroimmune processes and emotional behaviour in weaned and late adolescent male and female mice born via caesarean section.Scientific reports · 2024Article
- Female Infertility and Neurodevelopmental Disorders in Children: associations and evidence for familial confounding in Denmark.medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences · 2024Article
- Association of perinatal factors with neurodevelopmental referrals in a population-based cohort study in Japan.Scientific reports · 2024Article
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Authors and funding
5 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundThe long-term effects of a Cesarean section (CS) birth on child neurodevelopment are of increasing interest. In this study, we examined the associations between mode of delivery and presence of neurodevelopmental disorders in toddlers. Moreover, given that the prevalence of several neurodevelopmental disorders such as autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is known to differ by sex, we also investigated these associations separately in male and female toddlers.
methodsWe investigated 65,701 mother-toddler pairs from the Japan Environment and Children's Study, a nationally representative children's cohort study. To investigate the associations between mode of delivery (CS or vaginal delivery) and neurodevelopmental disorders (motor delay, intellectual disability, and ASD) in 3-year-old toddlers as a whole and stratified by sex, we used logistic regression models to calculate adjusted odds ratios (aORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs).
resultsThe morbidity of ASD at age 3 years was higher for children delivered by CS than those delivered vaginally (aOR 1.38, 95% CI 1.04-1.83). However, no such difference was evident in the case of motor delay or intellectual disability (aOR 1.33, 95% CI 0.94-1.89; aOR 1.18, 95% CI 0.94-1.49, respectively). In the analysis by sex, CS was not associated with increased risk of any of the neurodevelopmental disorders in males, but it was associated with increased risks of motor delay (aOR 1.88, 95% CI 1.02-3.47) and ASD (aOR 1.82, 95% CI 1.04-3.16) in females.
conclusionsThis study provides evidence of significant associations between mode of delivery and neurodevelopmental disorders in early childhood. Females may be more sensitive to the effects of CS than males.
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