ArticleAmerican journal of epidemiology2023
Have We Been Underestimating Modifiable Dementia Risk? An Alternative Approach for Calculating the Combined Population Attributable Fraction for Modifiable Dementia Risk Factors.
Article in American journal of epidemiology, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 19 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
19 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Population attributable fractions of a wide range of peripheral diseases for the burden of dementia.Nature human behaviour · 2026Pooled it
- The cost-effectiveness of an online intervention to prevent dementia: Results from the Maintain Your Brain (MYB) randomised controlled trial.The journal of prevention of Alzheimer's disease · 2025Trial
- Associations of modifiable risk factors with depression and anxiety in women and men: evidence from the UK Biobank.Translational psychiatry · 2026Article
- The impact of hearing loss on annual incident age-associated dementia cases and quality of life in the United States.The journals of gerontology. Series A, Biological sciences and medical sciences · 2026Article
- Projected Cognitive and Brain Aging Benefits of Eliminating Cardiometabolic Risks in Non-Hispanic White and Black Males - HABS-HD.Journal of racial and ethnic health disparities · 2026Article
- Prioritizing interventions for echinococcosis prevention in China: a population attributable fraction analysis.The Lancet regional health. Western Pacific · 2025Article
- Alzheimer Syndrome or Age-Related Dementia-History, Therapy and Prevention.Journal of clinical medicine · 2025Article
- Population attributable fractions of modifiable dementia risk factors for cognitive impairment-the ELSA-Brasil cohort study.Lancet regional health. Americas · 2025Article
- Dementia risk reduction in China: Country-specific estimates of modifiable risk factors and population attributable fractions (PAFs).Alzheimer's & dementia : the journal of the Alzheimer's Association · 2025Article
- Impact of air pollution and occupational inhalation exposures on neurodegenerative disorders: An epigenetic perspective.iScience · 2025Review
- Socioeconomic variations in the proportions of stroke attributable to reproductive profiles among postmenopausal women in China.BMC medicine · 2025Article
- Population attributable fraction of total stroke associated with modifiable risk factors in the United States.American journal of epidemiology · 2024Article
- Prevalence and population attributable fractions of potentially modifiable risk factors for dementia in Canada: A cross-sectional analysis of the Canadian Longitudinal Study on Aging.Canadian journal of public health = Revue canadienne de sante publique · 2024Article
- Modifiable risk factors for dementia in India: A cross-sectional study revisiting estimates and reassessing prevention potential and priorities.BMJ public health · 2024Article
- The need for a more holistic approach to dementia prevention.The lancet. Healthy longevity · 2024Article
- Experimental laboratory models as tools for understanding modifiable dementia risk.Alzheimer's & dementia : the journal of the Alzheimer's Association · 2024Review
- Bias assessment and correction for Levin's population attributable fraction in the presence of confounding.European journal of epidemiology · 2024Article
- Modifiable dementia risk factors and AT(N) biomarkers: findings from the EPAD cohort.Frontiers in aging neuroscience · 2024Article
- Potentially Modifiable Dementia Risk Factors in Canada: An Analysis of Canadian Longitudinal Study on Aging with a Multi-Country Comparison.The journal of prevention of Alzheimer's disease · 2024Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
4 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Estimating the fraction of dementia cases in a population attributable to a risk factor or combination of risk factors (the population attributable fraction (PAF)) informs the design and choice of dementia risk-reduction activities. It is directly relevant to dementia prevention policy and practice. Current methods employed widely in the dementia literature to combine PAFs for multiple dementia risk factors assume a multiplicative relationship between factors and rely on subjective criteria to develop weightings for risk factors. In this paper we present an alternative approach to calculating the PAF based on sums of individual risk. It incorporates individual risk factor interrelationships and enables a range of assumptions about the way in which multiple risk factors will combine to affect dementia risk. Applying this method to global data demonstrates that the previous estimate of 40% is potentially too conservative an estimate of modifiable dementia risk and would necessitate subadditive interaction between risk factors. We calculate a plausible conservative estimate of 55.7% (95% confidence interval: 55.2, 56.1) based on additive risk factor interaction.
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Registered trials
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