ArticleOncoimmunology2023
Decreased melanoma CSF-1 secretion by Cannabigerol treatment reprograms regulatory myeloid cells and reduces tumor progression.
Article in Oncoimmunology, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 16 papers.
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Who cites it
16 citing papers in PubMed, 15 citations in OpenAlex.
- The Relationship Between (Endo)cannabinoids, the Microbiome and Melanoma.Pharmacology research & perspectives · 2026Review
- Myeloid-Derived Suppressor Cells: Function, Migration, and Therapeutic Opportunities in Glioblastoma.Cells · 2026Review
- Metal-based nanoparticles for reprogramming macrophage polarization: Advances in immunomodulatory nanotherapeutics.International journal of pharmaceutics: X · 2026Review
- Metabolic Responses of Melanocytes and Melanoma Cells to UVA Radiation and Phytocannabinoids Exposure.Antioxidants (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Article
- Immunomodulatory Effects of a High-CBD Cannabis Extract: A Comparative Analysis with Conventional Therapies for Oral Lichen Planus and Graft-Versus-Host Disease.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Article
- Macrophages: Subtypes, Distribution, Polarization, Immunomodulatory Functions, and Therapeutics.MedComm · 2025Review
- Orchestration of Tumor-Associated Macrophages in the Tumor Cell-Macrophage-CD8International journal of biological sciences · 2025Review
- Metabolic regulation of myeloid-derived suppressor cells in tumor immune microenvironment: targets and therapeutic strategies.Theranostics · 2025Review
- Cannabigerol Treatment Shows Antiproliferative Activity and Causes Apoptosis of Human Colorectal Cancer Cells.Journal of pharmacopuncture · 2024Article
- Current and Potential Use of Biologically Active Compounds Derived fromInternational journal of molecular sciences · 2024Review
- Cannabigerol (CBG): A Comprehensive Review of Its Molecular Mechanisms and Therapeutic Potential.Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Review
- Tumor-associated macrophages within the immunological milieu: An emerging focal point for therapeutic intervention.Heliyon · 2024Review
- Supporting gut health with medicinal cannabis in people with advanced cancer: potential benefits and challenges.British journal of cancer · 2024Review
- Macrophage colony-stimulating factor and its role in the tumor microenvironment: novel therapeutic avenues and mechanistic insights.Frontiers in oncology · 2024Review
- Anticancer effect of minor phytocannabinoids in preclinical models of multiple myeloma.BioFactors (Oxford, England)Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
10 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
During solid tumor progression, the tumor microenvironment (TME) evolves into a highly immunosuppressive milieu. Key players in the immunosuppressive environment are regulatory myeloid cells, including myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) and tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs), which are recruited and activated via tumor-secreted cytokines such as colony-stimulating factor 1 (CSF-1). Therefore, the depletion of tumor-secreted cytokines is a leading anticancer strategy. Here, we found that CSF-1 secretion by melanoma cells is decreased following treatment with Cannabis extracts. Cannabigerol (CBG) was identified as the bioactive cannabinoid responsible for the effects. Conditioned media from cells treated with pure CBG or the high-CBG extract reduced the expansion and macrophage transition of the monocytic-MDSC subpopulation. Treated MO-MDSCs also expressed lower levels of iNOS, leading to restored CD8+ T-cell activation. Tumor-bearing mice treated with CBG presented reduced tumor progression, lower TAM frequencies and reduced TAM/M1 ratio. A combination of CBG and αPD-L1 was more effective in reducing tumor progression, enhancing survival and increasing the infiltration of activated cytotoxic T-cells than each treatment separately. We show a novel mechanism for CBG in modulating the TME and enhancing immune checkpoint blockade therapy, underlining its promising therapeutic potential for the treatment of a variety of tumors with elevated CSF-1 expression.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.