ArticleFrontiers in psychiatry2023
Psychometric evaluation of PHQ-9 and GAD-7 among community health volunteers and nurses/midwives in Kenya following a nation-wide telephonic survey.
Article in Frontiers in psychiatry, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. An erratum has been issued. Cited by 27 papers.
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27 citing papers in PubMed, 24 citations in OpenAlex.
- Prevalence and determinants of anxiety and depression in adult patients with atopic dermatitis in Tanzania.Skin health and disease · 2026Article
- Cultural adaptation, validity and reliability of the Marathi language version of the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 to screen depression in rural Maharashtra, India.Social psychiatry and psychiatric epidemiology · 2026Article
- Adaptation and validation of the chronic disease helplessness survey for Chinese patients with chronic conditions.BMC psychiatry · 2026Article
- Development and validation of the lifetime sense of safety scale in Kenyan adults.Communications medicine · 2026Article
- Evaluation of Mental Health Profiles of Healthcare Workers in Northern Saudi Arabia: A Cross-Sectional DASS-21 Study with Implications for Prevention and Interdisciplinary Care.Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- The impact of mentalization and psychological flexibility on college students' mental health: A cross-sectional study.Medicine · 2026Article
- ORIGINAL RESEARCH.Discover mental health · 2026Article
- Establishment of the Kenyan Psoriasis Registry: A Case-Control Cohort.Dermatology and therapy · 2026Article
- Preliminary effectiveness of the youth empowerment digital intervention (YEDI): A pilot clustered community study of a group cognitive behavioral therapy intervention with digital reinforcement among youth in Kenya's informal settlements.Global mental health (Cambridge, England) · 2026Article
- Depression, anxiety and job dissatisfaction: consequences of economic hardship in a lower middle-income country.BMC psychology · 2025Article
- Experiences of extreme weather and mental health in climate-vulnerable communities: results from a large-scale survey of women living in informal settlements in Nairobi, Kenya.BMC psychology · 2025Article
- Charting the course of depression care: a meta-analysis of reliability generalization of the patient health questionnaire (PHQ- 9) as the measure.Discover mental health · 2025Article
- The Swahili version of the CD-RISC 10 resilience scale: psychometric properties and factors associated with resilience among healthcare workers in Tanzania.BMC nursing · 2025Article
- Prevalence and correlates of depressive and anxiety symptoms among pregnant women from an urban informal settlement in Nairobi, Kenya: a community-based cross-sectional study.BMC pregnancy and childbirth · 2025Article
- The influence of mentalization and psychological flexibility on the mental health of graduate students in China: a cross-sectional study.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2025Article
- Factorial invariance of the Spanish version of the PHQ-9 by gender and country in Latin America and the Caribbean.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2025Article
- Depressive symptomatology in Brazil: perspectives of statistical and psychometrics analyses of the PHQ-9 at four time-points (2020-2023) in the COVID-19 pandemic.Frontiers in psychology · 2025Article
- Quality of life among leprosy patients: An analysis of associated factors.PLOS mental health · 2025Article
- Prevalence and associated factors of mental and substance use problems among adults in Kenya: A community-based cross-sectional study.PLOS global public health · 2025Article
- Cumulative adverse childhood experiences and their association with depression and anxiety: a cross-sectional study of youth living in informal urban settings in Kenya.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2025Article
Corrections and comments
- Erratum issued
Authors and funding
7 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Background: Nurses/midwives and Community Health Volunteers (CHVs) are exposed to chronic stressors putting them at risk of developing mental health problems. This has been exacerbated by the COVID-19 pandemic. There is limited empirical evidence of the burden of mental health problems among health care workers partly due to the lack of adequately standardized and validated measures for use among health care workers in Sub-Saharan Africa. This study aimed to perform the psychometric evaluation of the PHQ-9 and GAD-7 administered to nurses/midwives and CHVs across 47 counties in Kenya. Methods: Between June and November 2021, a national survey on mental well-being and resilience among nurses/midwives and CHVs was conducted via telephone interviews. The survey had a total sample size of 1907 nurses/midwives and 2027 CHVs. Cronbach's alpha and MacDonalds' omega were used to evaluate the scale's internal consistency. Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) was used to test the one-factor structure of the scales. Multi-group CFA was applied to evaluate the generalizability of the scales across the Swahili and English versions, and among male and female health workers. The Spearman correlation was used to assess the tools' divergent and convergent validity. Results: The internal consistency of PHQ-9 and GAD-7 was good, with alpha and omega values above 0.7 across study samples. CFA results indicated a one-factor structure of the PHQ-9 and GAD-7 for both nurses/midwives and CHVs. Multi-group CFA showed that both scales were unidimensional across both language and sex. The PHQ-9 and GAD-7 were significantly negatively correlated with resilience and work engagement, supporting divergent validity. The PHQ-9 and GAD-7 were also significantly positively correlated with resilience and work engagement, supporting divergent validity. Conclusion: The PHQ-9 and GAD-7 are unidimensional, reliable, and valid tools for screening depression and anxiety among nurses/midwives and CHVs. The tools can be administered in a similar population or study setting using either Swahili or English.
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