ReviewFrontiers in pharmacology2023
Hydroxychloroquine-induced Retinal Toxicity.
Review in Frontiers in pharmacology, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 29 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
29 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 43 citations in OpenAlex.
- Risk of Retinopathy Associated with Long-Term Use of Hydroxychloroquine in Patients with Rheumatic Diseases: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Arthritis care & research · 2026Pooled it
- Chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine retinopathy in a cohort with rheumatic diseases in Mexico: prevalence, risk factors, and retinopathy patterns.Clinical rheumatology · 2026Article
- Article
- Zeaxanthin Mitigates Hydroxychloroquine-Induced Retinal Toxicity and Metabolic Reprogramming in ARPE-19 Cells.Journal of biochemical and molecular toxicology · 2026Article
- cGAS-IFN-I responses by extracting nuclear DNA from dying cells via nucleocytosis.Nature communications · 2026Article
- Contrast Sensitivity and Colour Vision Tests for Early Detection and Monitoring of Hydroxychloroquine Retinal Toxicity: A Preliminary Study.Journal of clinical medicine · 2026Article
- Optical Coherence Tomography and Angiography in Hydroxychloroquine Retinopathy: A Narrative Review.Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Determinants of Baseline Ophthalmic Screening and Its Association with Long-Term Treatment Persistence in Patients with Rheumatic Diseases Initiating Hydroxychloroquine: A Nationwide Cohort Study.Patient preference and adherence · 2026Article
- Autophagy: mechanisms, roles in human diseases, and therapeutic perspectives.Frontiers in cell and developmental biology · 2026Review
- Progressive Retinal Toxicity Nine Years After Hydroxychloroquine Discontinuation: A Case Report.Cureus · 2025Article
- Synthesis, characterization, and comparative evaluation of hydroxychloroquine and its niosomal nanoformulation: anti-leishmanial, cytotoxicity, and immunomodulatory effects in photodynamic therapy.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Review
- A Case Series and Review of Hydroxychloroquine Toxicity and Monitoring: How Do We Dose Hydroxychloroquine?Cureus · 2025Article
- Hydroxychloroquine Cardiotoxicity and Sarcomeric Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy.JACC. Case reports · 2025Article
- Application of SS-OCTA to evaluate the effects of long-term hydroxychloroquine treatment on retinal structure and microcirculation in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus.BMC ophthalmology · 2025Article
- Impact of Disease-Modifying Antirheumatic Drugs on Cognitive Function in Older Adults with Rheumatoid Arthritis.Drugs & aging · 2025Review
- Safety of Hydroxychloroquine: What a Dermatologist Should Know.American journal of clinical dermatology · 2025Review
- Clinical and experimental treatment of residual immune activation in people living with HIV.Clinical and experimental immunology · 2025Review
- Autophagy as a potential therapeutic target in regulating improper cellular proliferation.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2025Review
- Effects of drug administration routes on the efficacy and safety of treatments for systemic lupus erythematosus.American journal of translational research · 2025Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors at 2 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
Long-term use of hydroxychloroquine can cause retinopathy, which may result in severe and progressive visual loss. In the past decade, hydroxychloroquine use has markedly increased and modern retinal imaging techniques have enabled the detection of early, pre-symptomatic disease. As a consequence, the prevalence of retinal toxicity in long-term hydroxychloroquine users is known to be higher than was previously estimated. The pathophysiology of the retinopathy is incompletely characterised, although significant advances have been made in understanding the disease from clinical imaging studies. Hydroxychloroquine retinopathy elicits sufficient public health concern to justify the implementation of retinopathy screening programs for patients at risk. Here, we describe the historical background of hydroxychloroquine retinopathy and summarize its current understanding. We review the utility and limitations of each of the mainstream diagnostic tests used to detect hydroxychloroquine retinopathy. The key considerations towards a consensus on the definition of hydroxychloroquine retinopathy are outlined in the context of what is known of the natural history of the disease. We compare the current screening recommendations for hydroxychloroquine retinopathy, identifying where additional evidence is required, and the management of proven cases of toxicity. Finally, we highlight the areas for further investigation, which may further reduce the risk of visual loss in hydroxychloroquine users.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.