Clinical target volume and organs at risk segmentation for rectal cancer radiotherapy using the Flex U-Net network.

Purpose/Objectives: The aim of this study was to improve the accuracy of the clinical target volume (CTV) and organs at risk (OARs) segmentation for rectal cancer preoperative radiotherapy. Materials/Methods: Computed tomography (CT) scans from 265 rectal cancer patients treated at our institution were collected to train and validate automatic contouring models. The regions of CTV and OARs were delineated by experienced radiologists as the ground truth. We improved the conventional U-Net and proposed Flex U-Net, which used a register model to correct the noise caused by manual annotation, thus refining the performance of the automatic segmentation model. Then, we compared its performance with that of U-Net and V-Net. The Dice similarity coefficient (DSC), Hausdorff distance (HD), and average symmetric surface distance (ASSD) were calculated for quantitative evaluation purposes. With a Wilcoxon signed-rank test, we found that the differences between our method and the baseline were statistically significant (P< 0.05). Results: Our proposed framework achieved DSC values of 0.817 ± 0.071, 0.930 ± 0.076, 0.927 ± 0.03, and 0.925 ± 0.03 for CTV, the bladder, Femur head-L and Femur head-R, respectively. Conversely, the baseline results were 0.803 ± 0.082, 0.917 ± 0.105, 0.923 ± 0.03 and 0.917 ± 0.03, respectively. Conclusion: In conclusion, our proposed Flex U-Net can enable satisfactory CTV and OAR segmentation for rectal cancer and yield superior performance compared to conventional methods. This method provides an automatic, fast and consistent solution for CTV and OAR segmentation and exhibits potential to be widely applied for radiation therapy planning for a variety of cancers.