ReviewNature reviews. Cardiology2023
Trained immunity in atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease.
Review in Nature reviews. Cardiology, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 76 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
76 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 94 citations in OpenAlex.
- Pooled it
- Effect of 2 Weeks of Time-Restricted Eating on Innate Immunity and Systemic Inflammation in Patients With a History of Myocardial Infarction: A Randomized-Controlled Crossover Study.Journal of the American Heart Association · 2026Trial
- Trained Immunity as a Mechanistic Bridge Between Uremic Toxins, Atherosclerosis, and Vascular Calcification in Chronic Kidney Disease.Cardiovascular toxicology · 2026Review
- Trained Immunity as a Mechanistic Bridge Between Uremic Toxins, Atherosclerosis, and Vascular Calcification in Chronic Kidney Disease.Cardiovascular toxicology · 2026Review
- Spatially Distinct Bone Marrow Sites Are Asymmetrically Impacted by Inflammatory Cardiovascular Disease.JACC. Basic to translational science · 2026Article
- Innate Immune Memory Responses in Organ Transplantation.Arteriosclerosis, thrombosis, and vascular biology · 2026Review
- Altered bone marrow niche forms central innate immune memory driving cardiac dysfunction.Nature communications · 2026Article
- Inflammation in atherosclerosis: Drivers, mechanisms and therapies.Acta pharmaceutica Sinica. B · 2026Review
- Metabolic-inflammatory memory: the common pathological basis and therapeutic targets of metabolic syndrome.Reviews in endocrine & metabolic disorders · 2026Review
- Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease and Cancer.Immunological reviews · 2026Review
- Oleoylethanolamide enhances regulatory T Cell function to accelerate plaque regression in atherosclerosis via PPARα activation.The Journal of biological chemistry · 2026Article
- Immunometabolic Remodeling in Ischemic and Non-Ischemic Heart Failure.Journal of cardiovascular translational research · 2026Review
- NK cell dysregulation may potentiate cardiovascular disease in adolescents with perinatally acquired HIV on antiretroviral therapy.Nature communications · 2026Article
- Metabolic Reprogramming-Driven Cardiovascular Immune Damage: From Glyco-Lipotoxicity and Epigenetic Memory to Multidimensional Cross-Organ Communication Networks.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- Allostatic load associated with all-cause and cause-specific mortality: a large prospective cohort study.BMC public health · 2026Article
- Metabolic Perspective on Atherosclerosis: Macrophage Reprogramming and Novel Therapeutic Targets.Journal of the American Heart Association · 2026Review
- Trained immunity modulators: A new frontier in immunoregulation and disease intervention.Journal of advanced research · 2026Review
- B lymphocytes and hyperglycemia synergistically exacerbate coronary in-stent restenosis.International journal of cardiology. Cardiovascular risk and prevention · 2026Article
- Mitochondrial homeostasis: the central hub governing the progression of atherosclerosis.Precision clinical medicine · 2026Review
- Telomerase Knockout in Myeloid Cells Predisposes Mice to Foam Cell Formation, Dyslipidemia, Lung Fibrosis, and Cardiac Dysfunction.Aging cell · 2026Article
16 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors at 2 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Trained immunity, also known as innate immune memory, is a persistent hyper-responsive functional state of innate immune cells. Accumulating evidence implicates trained immunity as an underlying mechanism of chronic inflammation in atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. In this context, trained immunity is induced by endogenous atherosclerosis-promoting factors, such as modified lipoproteins or hyperglycaemia, causing broad metabolic and epigenetic reprogramming of the myeloid cell compartment. In addition to traditional cardiovascular risk factors, lifestyle factors, including unhealthy diets, sedentary lifestyle, sleep deprivation and psychosocial stress, as well as inflammatory comorbidities, have been shown to activate trained immunity-like mechanisms in bone marrow haematopoietic stem cells. In this Review, we discuss the molecular and cellular mechanisms of trained immunity, its systemic regulation through haematopoietic progenitor cells in the bone marrow, and the activation of these mechanisms by cardiovascular disease risk factors. We also highlight other trained immunity features that are relevant for atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease, including the diverse cell types that show memory characteristics and transgenerational inheritance of trained immunity traits. Finally, we propose potential strategies for the therapeutic modulation of trained immunity to manage atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease.
Indexed as
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.