The impact of cash incentives on mental health among adults initiating antiretroviral therapy in Tanzania.

Mental illness is prevalent among people living with HIV (PLHIV) and hinders engagement in HIV care. While financial incentives are effective at improving mental health and retention in care, the specific effect of such incentives on the mental health of PLHIV lacks quantifiable evidence. We evaluated the impact of a three-arm randomized controlled trial of a financial incentive program on the mental health of adult antiretroviral therapy (ART) initiates in Tanzania. Participants were randomized 1:1:1 into one of two cash incentive (combined; provided monthly conditional on clinic attendance) or the control arm. We measured the prevalence of emotional distress, depression, and anxiety via a difference-in-differences model which quantifies changes in the outcomes by arm over time. Baseline prevalence of emotional distress, depression, and anxiety among the 530 participants (346 intervention, 184 control) was 23.8%, 26.6%, and 19.8%, respectively. The prevalence of these outcomes decreased substantially over the study period; additional benefit of the cash incentives was not detected. In conclusion, poor mental health was common although the prevalence declined rapidly during the first six months on ART. The cash incentives did not increase these improvements, however they may have indirect benefit by motivating early linkage to and retention in care.