ReviewCell host & microbe2023
The role of trained immunity in COVID-19: Lessons for the next pandemic.
Review in Cell host & microbe, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 48 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
48 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 71 citations in OpenAlex.
- Mucosal immunity and vaccine development.Signal transduction and targeted therapy · 2026Pooled it
- Vaccination against influenza viruses reduces infection, not hospitalization or death, from respiratory COVID-19: A systematic review and meta-analysis.Journal of medical virology · 2024Pooled it
- Monocytes in pneumonia: Functional plasticity and innate memory (Review).International journal of molecular medicine · 2026Review
- Review
- Trained immunity modulators: A new frontier in immunoregulation and disease intervention.Journal of advanced research · 2026Review
- Discordant Outcomes of SARS-CoV-2 Exposure in Household Contacts.Clinical immunology communications · 2026Article
- Review
- Rare epigenetic alterations are conserved across hematopoietic differentiation stages after mycobacterial infection.JCI insight · 2026Article
- Article
- SIRPα Immuno-PET Provides a Pan-Myeloid View of Immune Activity During COVID-19.Journal of nuclear medicine : official publication, Society of Nuclear Medicine · 2026Article
- Noninvasive Monitoring of Inflammatory Processes by Myeloid Cell-Directed PET Tracers in an Experimental Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Infection Model.Journal of nuclear medicine : official publication, Society of Nuclear Medicine · 2026Article
- Article
- Late radiation necrosis following stereotactic radiosurgery after COVID-19 vaccination: a case report and hypothesis of immune-mediated inflammatory activation.Frontiers in oncology · 2026Article
- Hybrid immunity from bivalent vaccination and prior infection enhances humoral and innate protection against Omicron XBB.1.16 and EG.5.1.1 variants in Japan.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Article
- Introduction to the Immune System.Methods in molecular biology (Clifton, N.J.) · 2026Review
- Prior Exposure of Airway Epithelial Cells to Mycobacteria Reduces Subsequent <italic>Mycobacterium tuberculosis</italic> Infection and Resulting Inflammation.Journal of innate immunity · 2026Article
- Influenza vaccination post-COVID-19 expands vaccine-specific effector CD4 T-cells and Tregs under positive influence of host trained innate immunity.NPJ vaccines · 2025Article
- Trained immunity attenuated acute lung injury by activating alveolar macrophages via AKT2-PDK1 axis-mediated metabolic reprogramming.Journal of translational medicine · 2025Article
- Adenoviral vector oropharyngeal spray immunization elicits mucosal immunity and protects against heterologous SARS-CoV-2 infection.NPJ vaccines · 2025Article
- Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
11 authors at 7 institutions in 7 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Trained immunity is a long-term increase in responsiveness of innate immune cells, induced by certain infections and vaccines. During the last 3 years of the COVID-19 pandemic, vaccines that induce trained immunity, such as BCG, MMR, OPV, and others, have been investigated for their capacity to protect against COVID-19. Further, trained immunity-inducing vaccines have been shown to improve B and T cell responsiveness to both mRNA- and adenovirus-based anti-COVID-19 vaccines. Moreover, SARS-CoV-2 infection itself induces inappropriately strong programs of trained immunity in some individuals, which may contribute to the long-term inflammatory sequelae. In this review, we detail these and other aspects of the role of trained immunity in SARS-CoV-2 infection and COVID-19. We also examine the learnings from the trained immunity studies conducted in the context of this pandemic and discuss how they may help us in preparing for future infectious outbreaks.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.