SynthesisJournal of global health2023
The prevalence of influenza bacterial co-infection and its role in disease severity: A systematic review and meta-analysis.
Synthesis in Journal of global health, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 19 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
19 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 34 citations in OpenAlex.
- Pooled it
- Prevalence and Outcomes of Bacterial Co-detections by Blood Culture Among Children and Adults Hospitalized With Laboratory-confirmed Influenza, Influenza Hospitalization Surveillance Network, 2022-2024.Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America · 2026Article
- Article
- Pneumonia after Solid Organ Transplantation.Seminars in respiratory and critical care medicine · 2026Review
- Factors associated with antibiotic initiation and bacterial coinfection in adults with confirmed influenza.BMC infectious diseases · 2026Article
- Etiological landscape and co-infection dynamics in Acute Respiratory Infections (ARIs): insights from a multicenter outpatient study in Yunnan, China.BMC infectious diseases · 2026Article
- Clinical Analysis of Neonatal Influenza in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit: A Retrospective Study.Immunity, inflammation and disease · 2026Article
- TNF superfamily member 14 drives post-influenza depletion of alveolar macrophages, enabling secondary pneumococcal pneumonia.The Journal of clinical investigation · 2026Article
- Pre-activation timing determines influenza severity and viral pathogenicity via STING Inhibition.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Epidemiological and etiological characteristics of respiratory infections among hospitalized patients: insights from a 12-pathogen surveillance study in Eastern China.BMC infectious diseases · 2025Article
- Molecular mechanisms of co-infections.EMBO reports · 2025Review
- Beyond Passive Immunity: Three Neonatal Influenza Cases Highlighting Impact of Missed Maternal Vaccination.Clinics and practice · 2025Article
- National Trends in Antibiotic Prescribing for Adults Hospitalized With Coronavirus Disease 2019 and Other Viral Respiratory Infections.Open forum infectious diseases · 2025Article
- Post-influenza bacterial infection: mechanisms of pathogenesis and advances in therapeutic strategies.Frontiers in microbiology · 2025Review
- Analysis of co-infection in severe and critical patients with influenza A (H1N1) pneumonia using metagenomic next-generation sequencing on bronchoalveolar lavage samples.Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2025Article
- Gut microbiota and viral respiratory infections: microbial alterations, immune modulation, and impact on disease severity: a narrative review.Frontiers in microbiology · 2025Review
- Article
- Article
- A Case Study of Severe Pneumonia Caused by mixed Infection ofInfection and drug resistance · 2024Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors at 2 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
Background: Evidence suggests that influenza bacterial co-infection is associated with severe diseases, but this association has not been systematically assessed. We aimed to assess the prevalence of influenza bacterial co-infection and its role in disease severity. Methods: We searched PubMed and Web of Science for studies published between 1 January 2010 and 31 December 2021. We performed a generalised linear mixed effects model to estimate the prevalence of bacterial co-infection in influenza patients, and the odds ratios (OR) of death, intensive care unit (ICU) admission, and requirement of mechanical ventilation (MV) for influenza bacterial co-infection compared to influenza single-infection. Using the estimates of OR and prevalence, we estimated the proportion of influenza deaths attributable to bacterial co-infection. Results: We included 63 articles. The pooled prevalence of influenza bacterial co-infection was 20.3% (95% confidence interval (CI) = 16.0-25.4). Compared with influenza single-infection, bacterial co-infection increased the risk of death (OR = 2.55; 95% CI = 1.88-3.44), ICU admission (OR = 1.87; 95% CI = 1.04-3.38), and requirement for MV (OR = 1.78; 95% CI = 1.26-2.51). In the sensitivity analyses, we found broadly similar estimates between age groups, time periods, and health care settings. Likewise, while including studies with a low risk in confounding adjustment, the OR of death was 2.08 (95% CI = 1.44-3.00) for influenza bacterial co-infection. Based on these estimates, we found that approximately 23.8% (95% uncertainty range = 14.5-35.2) of influenza deaths were attributable to bacterial co-infection. Conclusions: We found that bacterial co-infection is associated with a higher risk of severe illnesses compared to influenza single-infection. Approximately one in four influenza deaths could be attributable to bacterial co-infection. These results should inform prevention, identification, and treatment for suspected bacterial co-infection in influenza patients. Registration: PROSPERO CRD42022314436.
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