ArticleThe Journal of clinical investigation2023
Brain microglia serve as a persistent HIV reservoir despite durable antiretroviral therapy.
Article in The Journal of clinical investigation, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 113 papers.
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Who cites it
113 citing papers in PubMed, 128 citations in OpenAlex.
- HIV expression persists in the cerebrospinal fluid of HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders despite effective ART.Emerging microbes & infections · 2026Article
- Brain viral reservoir seeding and neurological metabolic dysregulation in early-life immunodeficiency virus infection.Brain pathology (Zurich, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Deconvolution of HIV-1 Mutational Signatures Reveals Dominant and Donor-Specific APOBEC3-Associated Mutagenesis Across Anatomical Compartments.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- Isolation of Brain Microglia to Study Persistence of Human Immunodeficiency Virus-1.Journal of visualized experiments : JoVE · 2026Article
- Review
- Attomolar Detection of HIV-1 With Label-Free RCA-rCRISPR on Smartphone.Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2026Article
- Implications of HIV persistence and pathogenesis in microglia.Current opinion in HIV and AIDS · 2026Review
- Microglia and neuroinflammation: An in-depth analysis from functional diversity to disease mechanisms.Clinical and translational medicine · 2026Review
- Increased Amyloidogenic Neuronal Injury in HIV-1-infected APP-KI Alzheimer's disease mice.Alzheimer's & dementia : the journal of the Alzheimer's Association · 2026Article
- Ethical frameworks and community engagement in HIV cure-related research at the end of life: looking back, moving forward.Current opinion in HIV and AIDS · 2026Article
- The Rectal Mucosal Myeloid Niche in HIV-1 Persistence: Reservoir Support, Viral Sequestration, and Therapeutic Opportunities.Viruses · 2026Review
- Beyond the neuron: the role of glial cells in viral neuropathogenesis.Journal of virology · 2026Review
- The brain as an HIV reservoir: Recent findings using autopsy tissues from people with HIV.PLoS pathogens · 2026Review
- Metagenomic next-generation sequencing of cerebrospinal fluid reveals pathogen spectrum and mortality predictors among patients with advanced HIV-1 disease at a tertiary hospital in China.Virology journal · 2026Article
- HIV Reservoirs in Brain parenchyma and Cerebrospinal Fluid During Suppressive ART: Same-Same or Very Different?Current HIV/AIDS reports · 2026Review
- Protocol to generate microglia-containing cerebral organoids to model HIV neuroinflammation.STAR protocols · 2026Article
- HIV-1 Tat-driven Glutamate Dysregulation: Implications for Cognitive Impairment in HAND.Current HIV/AIDS reports · 2026Review
- Is the molecular microenvironment of the latent HIV reservoir predictable using deep learning approaches?Journal of virology · 2026Review
- Review
- HIV controllers, lessons learnt from the lymphoid tissues.Current opinion in HIV and AIDS · 2026Review
53 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
28 authors at 4 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Brain microglia (MG) may serve as a human immunodeficiency virus 1 (HIV) reservoir and ignite rebound viremia following cessation of antiretroviral therapy (ART), but they have yet to be proven to harbor replication-competent HIV. Here, we isolated brain myeloid cells (BrMCs) from nonhuman primates and rapid autopsy of people with HIV (PWH) on ART and sought evidence of persistent viral infection. BrMCs predominantly displayed microglial markers, in which up to 99.9% of the BrMCs were TMEM119+ MG. Total and integrated SIV or HIV DNA was detectable in the MG, with low levels of cell-associated viral RNA. Provirus in MG was highly sensitive to epigenetic inhibition. Outgrowth virus from parietal cortex MG in an individual with HIV productively infected both MG and PBMCs. This inducible, replication-competent virus and virus from basal ganglia proviral DNA were closely related but highly divergent from variants in peripheral compartments. Phenotyping studies characterized brain-derived virus as macrophage tropic based on the ability of the virus to infect cells expressing low levels of CD4. The lack of genetic diversity in virus from the brain suggests that this macrophage-tropic lineage quickly colonized brain regions. These data demonstrate that MG harbor replication-competent HIV and serve as a persistent reservoir in the brain.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.