SynthesisBMC public health2023
Association of cigarette smoking habits with the risk of prostate cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
Synthesis in BMC public health, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 21 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
21 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 28 citations in OpenAlex.
- Targeting Modifiable Risks: Molecular Mechanisms and Population Burden of Lifestyle Factors on Male Genitourinary Health.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Pooled it
- Risk factors for prostate cancer: An umbrella review of prospective observational studies and mendelian randomization analyses.PLoS medicine · 2024Pooled it
- Long-Term Outcomes of Low-Dose-Rate Brachytherapy in Localized Prostate Cancer: A 17-Year Retrospective Analysis of a Single-Center Portuguese Cohort.Journal of clinical medicine · 2026Article
- Changes in PSA-Based Early Detection of Prostate Cancer over a 12-Year Period: Findings from the German KABOT Study.Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Prostate Cancer, JAK/STAT3 Dysregulation, and Flavonoids: Is There a Possible Link?International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- Green tea catechins and prostate cancer: mechanisms, clinical evidence, and safety: a narrative review.BMC cancer · 2026Review
- Mortality and morbidity burden associated with smoking: evidence from a 1.6 million cohort in Hong Kong.BMC medicine · 2026Article
- Article
- Smoking and the risk of prostate cancer: a review of risk and disease progression.Genes and environment : the official journal of the Japanese Environmental Mutagen Society · 2025Review
- Lifestyle-Related Factors and Dietary Components that Affect the Risk of Prostate Cancer in a Brazilian Study Group.Asian Pacific journal of cancer prevention : APJCP · 2025Article
- Severe and enduring prostate cancer burden attributable to smoking among old men amid global decline and socioeconomic disparities.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Nicotine and tar-multiple targets synergize to alter the immune micro-environment to induce prostate cancer.Discover oncology · 2025Article
- Association of height, BMI, and smoking status with prostate cancer risk before and after the introduction of PSA testing in Sweden.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Association of cigarette use with risk of prostate cancer among US males: a cross-sectional study from NHANES 1999-2020.BMC public health · 2025Article
- The association between waist-to-height index and prostate cancer risk: evidence from the NHANES study.Frontiers in nutrition · 2025Article
- Impact of Smoking on Overall and Cancer-Specific Mortality in Prostate Cancer: Elevated Risks in Older and Early-Stage Patients-A Population-Based Study.Life (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Article
- Rapid Lifestyle Recommendations to Improve Urologic, Heart and Overall Health.Current urology reports · 2024Review
- Testosterone Nanoemulsion Prevents Prostate Cancer: PC-3 and LNCaP Cell Viability In Vitro.International journal of molecular sciences · 2024Article
- Cancer patterns in Iran: a gender-specific spatial modelling of cancer incidence during 2014-2017.BMC cancer · 2024Article
- Association of Cigarette Smoking and Alcohol Drinking With Risk of 12 Common Cancers Among Low-Income American Adults in the Southeastern United States.Cancer control : journal of the Moffitt Cancer CenterArticle
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
6 authors at 3 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundAssociation of cigarette smoking habits with the risk of prostate cancer is still a matter of debate. This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to assess the association between cigarette smoking and prostate cancer risk.
methodsWe conducted a systematic search on PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library, and Web of Science without language or time restrictions on June 11, 2022. Literature search and study screening were performed according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses statement. Prospective cohort studies that assessed the association between cigarette smoking habits and the risk of prostate cancer were included. Quality assessment was conducted using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale. We used random-effects models to obtain pooled estimates and the corresponding 95% confidence intervals.
resultsA total of 7296 publications were screened, of which 44 cohort studies were identified for qualitative analysis; 39 articles comprising 3 296 398 participants and 130 924 cases were selected for further meta-analysis. Current smoking had a significantly reduced risk of prostate cancer (RR, 0.74; 95% CI, 0.68-0.80; P < 0.001), especially in studies completed in the prostate-specific antigen screening era. Compared to former smokers, current smokers had a significant lower risk of PCa (RR, 0.70; 95% CI, 0.65-0.75; P < 0.001). Ever smoking showed no association with prostate cancer risk in overall analyses (RR, 0.96; 95% CI, 0.93-1.00; P = 0.074), but an increased risk of prostate cancer in the pre-prostate-specific antigen screening era (RR, 1.05; 95% CI, 1.00-1.10; P = 0.046) and a lower risk of prostate cancer in the prostate-specific antigen screening era (RR, 0.95; 95% CI, 0.91-0.99; P = 0.011) were observed. Former smoking did not show any association with the risk of prostate cancer.
conclusionsThe findings suggest that the lower risk of prostate cancer in smokers can probably be attributed to their poor adherence to cancer screening and the occurrence of deadly smoking-related diseases, and we should take measures to help smokers to be more compliant with early cancer screening and to quit smoking.
trial registrationThis study was registered on PROSPERO (CRD42022326464).
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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.