ArticleNeuropsychopharmacology : official publication of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology2023
Overdose mortality rates for opioids and stimulant drugs are substantially higher in men than in women: state-level analysis.
Article in Neuropsychopharmacology : official publication of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 55 papers.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
55 citing papers in PubMed, 75 citations in OpenAlex.
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- Suicide and Drug Overdose Mortality Among Washington State Workers: A Stratified Analysis by Industry, Occupation, Sex, and Race/Ethnicity, 2014-2023.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2026Article
- Heroin addiction modulates transcription factor binding in regulatory regions of the human putamen.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Fentanyl reinforcement history has sex-specific effects on multi-step decision-making.Neuropharmacology · 2026Article
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- The Impaired Response Inhibition and Salience Attribution Model of Drug Addiction: Recent Neuroimaging Evidence and Future Directions.Annual review of psychology · 2026Review
- Opioid overdose and cardiovascular disease-related mortality: a retrospective analysis using real-world data from the USA, 1999-2023.Frontiers in cardiovascular medicine · 2026Article
- Dynamic Alterations in the Blood Transcriptome Characterize Drug Use Behavior and Co-Morbidities in Cocaine Use Disorder: A Preliminary Study.The European journal of neuroscience · 2026Article
- Sex-Specific Electrocortical Interactions in a Color Recognition Task in Men and Women with Opioid Use Disorder.Biomedicines · 2025Article
- Effects of orally self-administered furanyl fentanyl and acryl fentanyl in mice: antinociception, dependence and withdrawal, and defense of consumption.Neuropharmacology · 2025Article
- Exploring Sex Differences in Oxford House Residents Regarding Quality of Life, Sense of Community, and Length of Stay.Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Gender differences in opioid and stimulant poisoning in the central region of iran: a cross-sectional study.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- The Gender Gap in Life Expectancy in the United States and Deaths of Despair: Trends from 1979 to 2022.Population and development review · 2025Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
7 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Drug overdoses from opioids and stimulants are a major cause of mortality in the United States. It is unclear if there are stable sex differences in overdose mortality for these drugs across states, whether these differ across the lifespan, and if so, whether they can be accounted for by different levels of drug misuse. This was a state-level analysis of epidemiological data on overdose mortality, across 10-year age bins (age range: 15-74), using the CDC WONDER platform for decedents in the United States in 2020-1. The outcome measure was rate of overdose death (per 100,000) for: synthetic opioids (e.g., fentanyl), heroin, psychostimulants with potential for misuse (e.g., methamphetamine), and cocaine. Multiple linear regressions controlled for ethnic-cultural background, household net worth, and sex-specific rate of misuse (from NSDUH, 2018-9). For all these drug categories, males had greater overall overdose mortality than females, after controlling for rates of drug misuse. The mean male/female sex ratio of mortality rate was relatively stable across jurisdictions: synthetic opioids (2.5 [95% CI, 2.4-7]), heroin, (2.9 [95% CI, 2.7-3.1], psychostimulants (2.4 [95% CI, 2.3-5]), and cocaine (2.8 [95% CI, 2.6-9]). With data stratified in 10-year age bins, the sex difference generally survived adjustment (especially in the 25-64 age range). Results indicate that males are significantly more vulnerable than females to overdose deaths caused by opioid and stimulant drugs, taking into account differing state-level environmental conditions and drug misuse levels. These results call for research into diverse biological, behavioral, and social factors that underlie sex differences in human vulnerability to drug overdose.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.