ArticlePain medicine (Malden, Mass.)2023
The social context of burning mouth syndrome: an exploratory pilot study of stigma, discrimination, and pain.
Article in Pain medicine (Malden, Mass.), 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 5 papers.
What it found
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Who cites it
5 citing papers in PubMed, 4 citations in OpenAlex.
- Burning Mouth Syndrome: Understanding the Biopsychosocial Dimensions of Invisible Pain.Journal of oral rehabilitation · 2026Observational
- What do we know about medical invalidation and related concepts? - A scoping review and thematic analysis about the definitions, measurements, causes, consequences and potential solutions for medical invalidation.BMC health services research · 2026Article
- Psychological Subtypes and Intervention Strategies in Burning Mouth Syndrome: A Narrative Review.Journal of pain research · 2026Review
- Working-age patients with medically unexplained oral symptoms who receive public assistance in Japan.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Quantitative sensory testing for pain: What exactly are we measuring?Current opinion in psychology · 2025Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
5 authors at 3 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundThe social context of burning mouth syndrome (BMS) has received little attention in the scientific literature. However, social psychological theory and insights from those with lived experiences suggest that people living with BMS experience compounding effects of stigma related to their pain, diagnosis (or lack thereof), and intersectional identities.
objectiveOur aim is to provide initial evidence and to motivate new directions for research on BMS. Here, we present the results of an exploratory pilot study (n = 16) of women living with BMS in the United States.
methodsParticipants completed self-report measures of stigma, discrimination, and pain, as well as laboratory assessments of pain through quantitative sensory testing.
resultsResults indicate a high prevalence of internalized BMS stigma, experience of BMS-related discrimination from clinicians, and gender stigma consciousness in this population. Moreover, results provide initial evidence that these experiences are related to pain outcomes. The most robust pattern of findings is that internalized BMS stigma was related to greater clinical pain severity, interference, intensity, and unpleasantness.
conclusionGiven the prevalence and pain-relevance of intersectional stigma and discrimination identified in this pilot study, lived experience and social context should be incorporated into future research on BMS.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.