ArticleJournal of diabetes2023
Increased glutamate in type 2 diabetes in the Korean population is associated with increased plasminogen levels.
Article in Journal of diabetes, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 5 papers.
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Who cites it
5 citing papers in PubMed.
- Identification of bacterial key genes and therapeutic targets in hypertensive patients with type 2 diabetes through bioinformatics analysis.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Metabolomic Signatures of MASLD Identified by the Fatty Liver Index Reveal Gamma-Glutamyl Cycle Disruption and Lipid Remodeling.Metabolites · 2025Article
- Metabolomics in cardiometabolic diseases: Key biomarkers and therapeutic implications for insulin resistance and diabetes.Journal of internal medicine · 2025Review
- The molecular interplay among gut dysbiosis, adipose tissue, and metabolite-derived damage-associated molecular patterns in metainflammation and atherogenesis.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Review
- Increased glutamate in type 2 diabetes in the Korean population is associated with increased plasminogen levels.Journal of diabetes · 2023Article
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8 authors.
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Abstract
backgroundGlutamate is a major neurotransmitter, although it causes cytotoxicity and inflammation in nonneuronal organs. This study aimed to investigate the metabolic disorders in which glutamate, associated with type 2 diabetes onset, is induced in the liver.
methodsAn analysis of Korean community-based Ansan-Ansung cohort study data as well as functional research using in vitro and mouse models were performed.
resultsGroups with high plasma glutamate levels (T2, T3) had a significantly increased risk of diabetes incidence after 8 years, compared to the group with relatively low glutamate levels (T1). Analysis of the effect of glutamate on diabetes onset in vitro showed that glutamate induces insulin resistance by increasing glucose-related protein 78 (GRP78) and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK) expression in SK-Hep-1 human liver cells. In addition, three different genes, FRMB4B, PLG, and PARD3, were significantly associated with glutamate and were identified via genome-wide association studies. Among glutamate-related genes, plasminogen (PLG) levels were most significantly increased in several environments in which insulin resistance was induced, and was also upregulated by glutamate. Glutamate-induced increase in PLG in liver cells was caused by metabotropic glutamate receptor 5 activation, and PLG levels were also upregulated after extracellular secretion. Moreover, glutamate increased the expression of plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1). Thus, extracellular secreted PLG cannot be converted to plasmin (fibrinolytic enzyme) by increased PAI-1.
conclusionsIncreased glutamate is closely associated with the development of diabetes, and it may cause metabolic disorders by inhibiting the fibrinolytic system, which plays an important role in determining blood clots, a hallmark of diabetes.
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