ArticlePsychonomic bulletin & review2023
Mutual interplay between cognitive offloading and secondary task performance.
Article in Psychonomic bulletin & review, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 8 papers.
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Who cites it
8 citing papers in PubMed.
- Telling Students to Evaluate Does Not Make It Happen: Task Stage, Offloading Tendency, and Error Detection in AI-Assisted Student Writing.Behavioral sciences (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Stable tendencies in spontaneous working memory usage during flexible behaviour.Psychonomic bulletin & review · 2026Article
- Borrowed or kept? How self-generation-first and direct-adoption AI workflows shape immediate unaided reasoning.Frontiers in psychology · 2026Article
- Concurrent Bilateral M1 and Anodal Cerebellar tDCS Effects on Learning of a Bimanual Video Game Task.Brain and behavior · 2025Article
- Generative AI tool use enhances academic achievement in sustainable education through shared metacognition and cognitive offloading among preservice teachers.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Can humanoid robots be used as a cognitive offloading tool?Cognitive research: principles and implications · 2025Review
- A bonus task boosts people's willingness to offload cognition to an algorithm.Cognitive research: principles and implications · 2024Article
- Supporting Cognition With Modern Technology: Distributed Cognition Today and in an AI-Enhanced Future.Frontiers in artificial intelligence · 2022Article
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Authors and funding
3 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Various modern tools, such as smartphones, allow for cognitive offloading (i.e., the externalization of cognitive processes). In this study, we examined the use and consequences of cognitive offloading in demanding situations in which people perform multiple tasks concurrently-mimicking the requirements of daily life. In a preregistered study, we adapted the dual-task paradigm so that one of the tasks allowed for cognitive offloading. As a primary task, our participants (N = 172) performed the pattern copy task-a highly demanding working memory task that allows for offloading at various degrees. In this task, we manipulated the temporal costs of offloading. Concurrently, half of the participants responded to a secondary N-back task. As our main research question, we investigated the impact of offloading behavior on secondary task performance. We observed that more pronounced offloading in the condition without temporal costs was accompanied by a more accurate performance in the N-back task. Furthermore, the necessity to respond to the N-back task increased offloading behavior. These results suggest an interplay between offloading and secondary task performance: in demanding situations, individuals increasingly use cognitive offloading, which releases internal resources that can then be devoted to improving performance in other, concurrent tasks.
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