ArticleNature communications2023
Natural history of long-COVID in a nationwide, population cohort study.
Article in Nature communications, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 35 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
35 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Effects of Exercise-Based Pulmonary Rehabilitation in Patients with Long COVID: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Advances in respiratory medicine · 2026Pooled it
- Audiovestibular Dysfunction Related to Long COVID-19 Syndrome: A Systematic Review of Characteristics, Pathophysiology, Diagnosis, and Management.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Pooled it
- Cost-effectiveness of the ReDIRECT/counterweight-plus weight management programme to alleviate symptoms of long COVID.Nature communications · 2025Trial
- Long-term outcomes of mesenchymal stem cell therapy in severe COVID-19 patients: 3-year follow-up of a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial.Stem cell research & therapy · 2025Trial
- Antecedent and persistent symptoms in COVID-19 and other respiratory illnesses: Insights from prospectively collected data in the BRACE trial.The Journal of infection · 2024Trial
- Recovery trajectories and predictors of symptom resolution in post-COVID-19 condition: a population-based cohort study.The Lancet regional health. Europe · 2026Article
- Symptom Trajectories and Long-Term Sequelae of COVID-19: A Matched Case-Control Study with Population-Based Controls.Journal of clinical medicine · 2026Article
- SARS-CoV-2 reinfections and subsequent risk of hospital-diagnosed post-acute sequelae in Denmark (2020-2022): a nationwide cohort study.The Lancet regional health. Europe · 2026Article
- Longitudinal modeling of Post-COVID-19 condition over three years: A machine learning approach using clinical, neuropsychological, and fluid markers.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- New York City Neighborhood Wellness Survey: an expansive population-level behavioral health assessment of New York City residents, 2023.BMC public health · 2026Article
- Work ability trajectories and sick leave in individuals with post COVID-19 condition: 3-year follow-up of a population-based cohort.The Lancet regional health. Europe · 2026Article
- Longitudinal study on SARS-CoV-2 antibody responses in companion animals, Chile.The veterinary quarterly · 2025Article
- Immunophenotyping of bronchoalveolar lavage and functional impairment in post-COVID syndrome : Insights from a prospective cohort trial.Wiener klinische Wochenschrift · 2025Observational
- Exploring the temporal relationship between stigma, disease manifestations, and health outcomes in post COVID-19 condition: a longitudinal descriptive study.EClinicalMedicine · 2025Article
- Persistent pain and brain fog after COVID-19 infection in European adults aged 50 and over: a population-based longitudinal study.BMC infectious diseases · 2025Article
- Article
- Chronic post-COVID neuropsychiatric symptoms persisting more than 1 year after infection during the 'Omicron wave'.BJPsych open · 2025Article
- Long COVID in healthcare workers: longitudinal mixed-methods study.Occupational medicine (Oxford, England) · 2025Article
- The Effect of COVID-19 Vaccination on the Risk of Persistent Post-COVID-19 Condition: Cohort Study.The Journal of infectious diseases · 2025Article
- Chronic autonomic symptom burden in long-COVID: a follow-up cohort study.Clinical autonomic research : official journal of the Clinical Autonomic Research Society · 2025Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
12 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Previous studies on the natural history of long-COVID have been few and selective. Without comparison groups, disease progression cannot be differentiated from symptoms originating from other causes. The Long-COVID in Scotland Study (Long-CISS) is a Scotland-wide, general population cohort of adults who had laboratory-confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection matched to PCR-negative adults. Serial, self-completed, online questionnaires collected information on pre-existing health conditions and current health six, 12 and 18 months after index test. Of those with previous symptomatic infection, 35% reported persistent incomplete/no recovery, 12% improvement and 12% deterioration. At six and 12 months, one or more symptom was reported by 71.5% and 70.7% respectively of those previously infected, compared with 53.5% and 56.5% of those never infected. Altered taste, smell and confusion improved over time compared to the never infected group and adjusted for confounders. Conversely, late onset dry and productive cough, and hearing problems were more likely following SARS-CoV-2 infection.
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