ArticleScientific reports2023
Waning cellular immune responses and predictive factors in maintaining cellular immunity against SARS-CoV-2 six months after BNT162b2 mRNA vaccination.
Article in Scientific reports, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 13 papers.
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Who cites it
13 citing papers in PubMed, 13 citations in OpenAlex.
- Waning immunity and the future of booster vaccination strategies in global vaccine programs post COVID-19.Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2026Review
- Durability of DNA-LNP and mRNA-LNP vaccine-induced immunity against SARS-CoV-2 XBB.1.5.NPJ vaccines · 2026Article
- Early monocyte subset signatures predict outcomes in unvaccinated COVID-19 patients.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Article
- A Spike-Accum bioconjugate protein vaccine confers potent SARS-CoV-2-specific immunity.iScience · 2025Article
- Humoral and Cell-Mediated Immunity Against SARS-CoV-2 in Healthcare Personnel Who Received Multiple mRNA Vaccines: A 4-Year Observational Study.Infectious disease reports · 2025Article
- Ionizable lipid nanoparticles of mRNA vaccines elicit NF-κB and IRF responses through toll-like receptor 4.NPJ vaccines · 2025Article
- Immune response dynamics to SARS-CoV-2 in the Albanian population: A study on T-cell and antibody interactions during the transition from pandemic to endemic phase.Infectious diseases & immunity · 2025Article
- Genomic insights into mRNA COVID-19 vaccines efficacy: Linking genetic polymorphisms to waning immunity.Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2024Article
- Article
- Frequency of SARS-CoV-2 Infections among Healthcare Workers in Germany: 3-Year Follow-Up Study.Infectious disease reports · 2024Article
- Review
- Durability of Humoral Responses after an Adapted SARS-CoV-2 mRNA Vaccine Dose in Hemodialysis Patients.Vaccines · 2024Article
- Article
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Authors and funding
17 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Several clinical trials have shown that the humoral response produced by anti-spike antibodies elicited by coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccines gradually declines. The kinetics, durability and influence of epidemiological and clinical factors on cellular immunity have not been fully elucidated. We analyzed cellular immune responses elicited by BNT162b2 mRNA vaccines in 321 health care workers using whole blood interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) release assays. IFN-γ, induced by CD4 + and CD8 + T cells stimulated with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) spike epitopes (Ag2), levels were highest at 3 weeks after the second vaccination (6 W) and decreased by 37.4% at 3 months (4 M) and 60.0% at 6 months (7 M), the decline of which seemed slower than that of anti-spike antibody levels. Multiple regression analysis revealed that the levels of IFN-γ induced by Ag2 at 7 M were significantly correlated with age, dyslipidemia, focal adverse reactions to full vaccination, lymphocyte and monocyte counts in whole blood, Ag2 levels before the second vaccination, and Ag2 levels at 6 W. We clarified the dynamics and predictive factors for the long-lasting effects of cellular immune responses. The results emphasize the need for a booster vaccine from the perspective of SARS-CoV-2 vaccine-elicited cellular immunity.
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