ArticleNeurology(R) neuroimmunology & neuroinflammation2023
Antibodies Associated With Autoimmune Encephalitis in Patients With Presumed Neurodegenerative Dementia.
Open access · goldAbstract read
In one paragraph
Article in Neurology(R) neuroimmunology & neuroinflammation, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 24 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
24citing papers in PubMed, 1 pooled it
5.8field-weighted citation impact, top 3% of its field
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
24 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 28 citations in OpenAlex.
- Severe Abdominal Pain as a Prominent Clinical Manifestation of Anti-DPPX Autoimmune Encephalitis: A Case Report and Systematic Review.Immunity, inflammation and disease · 2026Pooled it
- Diagnosing autoimmune encephalitis in psychiatry: clinical recommendations and unresolved challenges from the GENERATE network.Molecular psychiatry · 2026Review
- Muscle Regeneration Failure May Lead to Clinical Features of Myopathy in Anti-IgLON5 Disease.Neurology(R) neuroimmunology & neuroinflammation · 2026Article
- Neuronal Antibodies in Patients With Atypical Parkinsonism.Neurology(R) neuroimmunology & neuroinflammation · 2026Observational
- Fifteen years of autoimmune encephalitis in Denmark: incidence, epidemiology, and trends in treatment.Journal of neurology · 2026Article
- Screening 1021 Swedish memory clinic visitors for autoantibody-mediated encephalitis.Journal of neurology · 2026Article
- Autoimmune Encephalitis as Treatment-Responsive Cause of Rapidly Progressive Dementia: A Multicenter Prospective Cohort Study.Neurology · 2026Observational
- Neuronal autoantibodies in neurodegenerative dementia: From evidence to clinical framework.The journal of prevention of Alzheimer's disease · 2026Review
- Alternative diagnoses of suspected paraneoplastic neurological syndromes: a population-based study.Journal of neurology · 2026Article
- Screening for neuronal antibodies in cognitive impairment and dementia clinics: a prospective multicenter study.BMC neurology · 2026Article
- Clinical profile and treatment outcomes of patients with chronic presentations of autoimmune encephalitis: expanding the spectrum.BMJ neurology open · 2026Article
- Autoimmune signatures in neurodegenerative dementias: from peripheral immune activation to CNS pathology.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Frequency of autoimmune-associated exogenous psychoses in routine clinical care.Brain, behavior, & immunity - health · 2025Article
- The role of autoantibodies in Alzheimer's disease: Pathogenetic connections or epiphenomena?Alzheimer's & dementia : the journal of the Alzheimer's Association · 2025Review
- Neurodegeneration and the immune system: lessons from autoimmune encephalitis.Journal of neurology · 2025Review
- Anti-dipeptidyl-peptidase-like protein-6 encephalitis with late-onset gastric cancer: A case report and 2-year follow-up.Medicine · 2025Article
- Recent advances in autoimmune encephalitis.Arquivos de neuro-psiquiatria · 2024Review
- Antibodies in neurological diseases: Established, emerging, explorative.Immunological reviews · 2024Review
- Neuropathological spectrum of anti-IgLON5 disease and stages of brainstem tau pathology: updated neuropathological research criteria of the disease-related tauopathy.Acta neuropathologica · 2024Article
- LGI1-antibody encephalitis: how to approach this highly treatable dementia mimic in memory and mental health services.The British journal of psychiatry : the journal of mental science · 2024Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
18 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Anna E M BastiaansenFrom the Department of Neurology (A.E.M.B., R.W.S., M.M.P.N., M.P., S.C.F., P.A.E.S., J.M.V., H.S., J.S., F.J.J., M.J.T.), Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam; Department of Neurology (R.W.S.), Amsterdam UMC Location VUmc; Clinical Neuropsychology (E.S.V.), Leiden University; Alzheimer Center Amsterdam (W.M.F.), Neurology, Amsterdam UMC Location VUmc; Amsterdam Neuroscience (W.M.F., C.T., Y.A.L.P.), Neurodegeneration; Neurochemistry Laboratory (C.T.), Department of Chemistry, Amsterdam UMC Location VUmc; Department of Biology (E.G.), Faculty of Science, Utrecht University; Department of Immunology (M.W.J.S.), Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Institute of Clinical Chemistry (F.L.), University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Germany; Alzheimer Center Erasmus MC (H.S., J.S., F.J.J.), Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam; and Alzheimer Center Amsterdam (Y.A.L.P.), Neurology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC Location VUmc, The Netherlands.
Robin W van SteenhovenFrom the Department of Neurology (A.E.M.B., R.W.S., M.M.P.N., M.P., S.C.F., P.A.E.S., J.M.V., H.S., J.S., F.J.J., M.J.T.), Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam; Department of Neurology (R.W.S.), Amsterdam UMC Location VUmc; Clinical Neuropsychology (E.S.V.), Leiden University; Alzheimer Center Amsterdam (W.M.F.), Neurology, Amsterdam UMC Location VUmc; Amsterdam Neuroscience (W.M.F., C.T., Y.A.L.P.), Neurodegeneration; Neurochemistry Laboratory (C.T.), Department of Chemistry, Amsterdam UMC Location VUmc; Department of Biology (E.G.), Faculty of Science, Utrecht University; Department of Immunology (M.W.J.S.), Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Institute of Clinical Chemistry (F.L.), University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Germany; Alzheimer Center Erasmus MC (H.S., J.S., F.J.J.), Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam; and Alzheimer Center Amsterdam (Y.A.L.P.), Neurology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC Location VUmc, The Netherlands.
Esmee S Te VaarwerkFrom the Department of Neurology (A.E.M.B., R.W.S., M.M.P.N., M.P., S.C.F., P.A.E.S., J.M.V., H.S., J.S., F.J.J., M.J.T.), Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam; Department of Neurology (R.W.S.), Amsterdam UMC Location VUmc; Clinical Neuropsychology (E.S.V.), Leiden University; Alzheimer Center Amsterdam (W.M.F.), Neurology, Amsterdam UMC Location VUmc; Amsterdam Neuroscience (W.M.F., C.T., Y.A.L.P.), Neurodegeneration; Neurochemistry Laboratory (C.T.), Department of Chemistry, Amsterdam UMC Location VUmc; Department of Biology (E.G.), Faculty of Science, Utrecht University; Department of Immunology (M.W.J.S.), Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Institute of Clinical Chemistry (F.L.), University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Germany; Alzheimer Center Erasmus MC (H.S., J.S., F.J.J.), Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam; and Alzheimer Center Amsterdam (Y.A.L.P.), Neurology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC Location VUmc, The Netherlands.
Wiesje M van der FlierFrom the Department of Neurology (A.E.M.B., R.W.S., M.M.P.N., M.P., S.C.F., P.A.E.S., J.M.V., H.S., J.S., F.J.J., M.J.T.), Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam; Department of Neurology (R.W.S.), Amsterdam UMC Location VUmc; Clinical Neuropsychology (E.S.V.), Leiden University; Alzheimer Center Amsterdam (W.M.F.), Neurology, Amsterdam UMC Location VUmc; Amsterdam Neuroscience (W.M.F., C.T., Y.A.L.P.), Neurodegeneration; Neurochemistry Laboratory (C.T.), Department of Chemistry, Amsterdam UMC Location VUmc; Department of Biology (E.G.), Faculty of Science, Utrecht University; Department of Immunology (M.W.J.S.), Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Institute of Clinical Chemistry (F.L.), University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Germany; Alzheimer Center Erasmus MC (H.S., J.S., F.J.J.), Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam; and Alzheimer Center Amsterdam (Y.A.L.P.), Neurology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC Location VUmc, The Netherlands.ORCID 0000-0001-8766-6224
Charlotte TeunissenFrom the Department of Neurology (A.E.M.B., R.W.S., M.M.P.N., M.P., S.C.F., P.A.E.S., J.M.V., H.S., J.S., F.J.J., M.J.T.), Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam; Department of Neurology (R.W.S.), Amsterdam UMC Location VUmc; Clinical Neuropsychology (E.S.V.), Leiden University; Alzheimer Center Amsterdam (W.M.F.), Neurology, Amsterdam UMC Location VUmc; Amsterdam Neuroscience (W.M.F., C.T., Y.A.L.P.), Neurodegeneration; Neurochemistry Laboratory (C.T.), Department of Chemistry, Amsterdam UMC Location VUmc; Department of Biology (E.G.), Faculty of Science, Utrecht University; Department of Immunology (M.W.J.S.), Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Institute of Clinical Chemistry (F.L.), University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Germany; Alzheimer Center Erasmus MC (H.S., J.S., F.J.J.), Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam; and Alzheimer Center Amsterdam (Y.A.L.P.), Neurology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC Location VUmc, The Netherlands.ORCID 0000-0002-4061-0837
Esther de GraaffFrom the Department of Neurology (A.E.M.B., R.W.S., M.M.P.N., M.P., S.C.F., P.A.E.S., J.M.V., H.S., J.S., F.J.J., M.J.T.), Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam; Department of Neurology (R.W.S.), Amsterdam UMC Location VUmc; Clinical Neuropsychology (E.S.V.), Leiden University; Alzheimer Center Amsterdam (W.M.F.), Neurology, Amsterdam UMC Location VUmc; Amsterdam Neuroscience (W.M.F., C.T., Y.A.L.P.), Neurodegeneration; Neurochemistry Laboratory (C.T.), Department of Chemistry, Amsterdam UMC Location VUmc; Department of Biology (E.G.), Faculty of Science, Utrecht University; Department of Immunology (M.W.J.S.), Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Institute of Clinical Chemistry (F.L.), University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Germany; Alzheimer Center Erasmus MC (H.S., J.S., F.J.J.), Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam; and Alzheimer Center Amsterdam (Y.A.L.P.), Neurology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC Location VUmc, The Netherlands.ORCID 0000-0003-0383-373X
Mariska M P NagtzaamFrom the Department of Neurology (A.E.M.B., R.W.S., M.M.P.N., M.P., S.C.F., P.A.E.S., J.M.V., H.S., J.S., F.J.J., M.J.T.), Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam; Department of Neurology (R.W.S.), Amsterdam UMC Location VUmc; Clinical Neuropsychology (E.S.V.), Leiden University; Alzheimer Center Amsterdam (W.M.F.), Neurology, Amsterdam UMC Location VUmc; Amsterdam Neuroscience (W.M.F., C.T., Y.A.L.P.), Neurodegeneration; Neurochemistry Laboratory (C.T.), Department of Chemistry, Amsterdam UMC Location VUmc; Department of Biology (E.G.), Faculty of Science, Utrecht University; Department of Immunology (M.W.J.S.), Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Institute of Clinical Chemistry (F.L.), University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Germany; Alzheimer Center Erasmus MC (H.S., J.S., F.J.J.), Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam; and Alzheimer Center Amsterdam (Y.A.L.P.), Neurology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC Location VUmc, The Netherlands.
Manuela PaunovicFrom the Department of Neurology (A.E.M.B., R.W.S., M.M.P.N., M.P., S.C.F., P.A.E.S., J.M.V., H.S., J.S., F.J.J., M.J.T.), Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam; Department of Neurology (R.W.S.), Amsterdam UMC Location VUmc; Clinical Neuropsychology (E.S.V.), Leiden University; Alzheimer Center Amsterdam (W.M.F.), Neurology, Amsterdam UMC Location VUmc; Amsterdam Neuroscience (W.M.F., C.T., Y.A.L.P.), Neurodegeneration; Neurochemistry Laboratory (C.T.), Department of Chemistry, Amsterdam UMC Location VUmc; Department of Biology (E.G.), Faculty of Science, Utrecht University; Department of Immunology (M.W.J.S.), Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Institute of Clinical Chemistry (F.L.), University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Germany; Alzheimer Center Erasmus MC (H.S., J.S., F.J.J.), Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam; and Alzheimer Center Amsterdam (Y.A.L.P.), Neurology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC Location VUmc, The Netherlands.
Suzanne C FrankenFrom the Department of Neurology (A.E.M.B., R.W.S., M.M.P.N., M.P., S.C.F., P.A.E.S., J.M.V., H.S., J.S., F.J.J., M.J.T.), Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam; Department of Neurology (R.W.S.), Amsterdam UMC Location VUmc; Clinical Neuropsychology (E.S.V.), Leiden University; Alzheimer Center Amsterdam (W.M.F.), Neurology, Amsterdam UMC Location VUmc; Amsterdam Neuroscience (W.M.F., C.T., Y.A.L.P.), Neurodegeneration; Neurochemistry Laboratory (C.T.), Department of Chemistry, Amsterdam UMC Location VUmc; Department of Biology (E.G.), Faculty of Science, Utrecht University; Department of Immunology (M.W.J.S.), Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Institute of Clinical Chemistry (F.L.), University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Germany; Alzheimer Center Erasmus MC (H.S., J.S., F.J.J.), Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam; and Alzheimer Center Amsterdam (Y.A.L.P.), Neurology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC Location VUmc, The Netherlands.
Marco W J SchreursFrom the Department of Neurology (A.E.M.B., R.W.S., M.M.P.N., M.P., S.C.F., P.A.E.S., J.M.V., H.S., J.S., F.J.J., M.J.T.), Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam; Department of Neurology (R.W.S.), Amsterdam UMC Location VUmc; Clinical Neuropsychology (E.S.V.), Leiden University; Alzheimer Center Amsterdam (W.M.F.), Neurology, Amsterdam UMC Location VUmc; Amsterdam Neuroscience (W.M.F., C.T., Y.A.L.P.), Neurodegeneration; Neurochemistry Laboratory (C.T.), Department of Chemistry, Amsterdam UMC Location VUmc; Department of Biology (E.G.), Faculty of Science, Utrecht University; Department of Immunology (M.W.J.S.), Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Institute of Clinical Chemistry (F.L.), University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Germany; Alzheimer Center Erasmus MC (H.S., J.S., F.J.J.), Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam; and Alzheimer Center Amsterdam (Y.A.L.P.), Neurology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC Location VUmc, The Netherlands.
Frank LeypoldtFrom the Department of Neurology (A.E.M.B., R.W.S., M.M.P.N., M.P., S.C.F., P.A.E.S., J.M.V., H.S., J.S., F.J.J., M.J.T.), Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam; Department of Neurology (R.W.S.), Amsterdam UMC Location VUmc; Clinical Neuropsychology (E.S.V.), Leiden University; Alzheimer Center Amsterdam (W.M.F.), Neurology, Amsterdam UMC Location VUmc; Amsterdam Neuroscience (W.M.F., C.T., Y.A.L.P.), Neurodegeneration; Neurochemistry Laboratory (C.T.), Department of Chemistry, Amsterdam UMC Location VUmc; Department of Biology (E.G.), Faculty of Science, Utrecht University; Department of Immunology (M.W.J.S.), Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Institute of Clinical Chemistry (F.L.), University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Germany; Alzheimer Center Erasmus MC (H.S., J.S., F.J.J.), Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam; and Alzheimer Center Amsterdam (Y.A.L.P.), Neurology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC Location VUmc, The Netherlands.
Peter A E SmittFrom the Department of Neurology (A.E.M.B., R.W.S., M.M.P.N., M.P., S.C.F., P.A.E.S., J.M.V., H.S., J.S., F.J.J., M.J.T.), Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam; Department of Neurology (R.W.S.), Amsterdam UMC Location VUmc; Clinical Neuropsychology (E.S.V.), Leiden University; Alzheimer Center Amsterdam (W.M.F.), Neurology, Amsterdam UMC Location VUmc; Amsterdam Neuroscience (W.M.F., C.T., Y.A.L.P.), Neurodegeneration; Neurochemistry Laboratory (C.T.), Department of Chemistry, Amsterdam UMC Location VUmc; Department of Biology (E.G.), Faculty of Science, Utrecht University; Department of Immunology (M.W.J.S.), Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Institute of Clinical Chemistry (F.L.), University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Germany; Alzheimer Center Erasmus MC (H.S., J.S., F.J.J.), Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam; and Alzheimer Center Amsterdam (Y.A.L.P.), Neurology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC Location VUmc, The Netherlands.
Juna M de VriesFrom the Department of Neurology (A.E.M.B., R.W.S., M.M.P.N., M.P., S.C.F., P.A.E.S., J.M.V., H.S., J.S., F.J.J., M.J.T.), Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam; Department of Neurology (R.W.S.), Amsterdam UMC Location VUmc; Clinical Neuropsychology (E.S.V.), Leiden University; Alzheimer Center Amsterdam (W.M.F.), Neurology, Amsterdam UMC Location VUmc; Amsterdam Neuroscience (W.M.F., C.T., Y.A.L.P.), Neurodegeneration; Neurochemistry Laboratory (C.T.), Department of Chemistry, Amsterdam UMC Location VUmc; Department of Biology (E.G.), Faculty of Science, Utrecht University; Department of Immunology (M.W.J.S.), Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Institute of Clinical Chemistry (F.L.), University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Germany; Alzheimer Center Erasmus MC (H.S., J.S., F.J.J.), Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam; and Alzheimer Center Amsterdam (Y.A.L.P.), Neurology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC Location VUmc, The Netherlands.
Harro SeelaarFrom the Department of Neurology (A.E.M.B., R.W.S., M.M.P.N., M.P., S.C.F., P.A.E.S., J.M.V., H.S., J.S., F.J.J., M.J.T.), Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam; Department of Neurology (R.W.S.), Amsterdam UMC Location VUmc; Clinical Neuropsychology (E.S.V.), Leiden University; Alzheimer Center Amsterdam (W.M.F.), Neurology, Amsterdam UMC Location VUmc; Amsterdam Neuroscience (W.M.F., C.T., Y.A.L.P.), Neurodegeneration; Neurochemistry Laboratory (C.T.), Department of Chemistry, Amsterdam UMC Location VUmc; Department of Biology (E.G.), Faculty of Science, Utrecht University; Department of Immunology (M.W.J.S.), Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Institute of Clinical Chemistry (F.L.), University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Germany; Alzheimer Center Erasmus MC (H.S., J.S., F.J.J.), Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam; and Alzheimer Center Amsterdam (Y.A.L.P.), Neurology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC Location VUmc, The Netherlands.ORCID 0000-0003-1989-7527
John van SwietenFrom the Department of Neurology (A.E.M.B., R.W.S., M.M.P.N., M.P., S.C.F., P.A.E.S., J.M.V., H.S., J.S., F.J.J., M.J.T.), Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam; Department of Neurology (R.W.S.), Amsterdam UMC Location VUmc; Clinical Neuropsychology (E.S.V.), Leiden University; Alzheimer Center Amsterdam (W.M.F.), Neurology, Amsterdam UMC Location VUmc; Amsterdam Neuroscience (W.M.F., C.T., Y.A.L.P.), Neurodegeneration; Neurochemistry Laboratory (C.T.), Department of Chemistry, Amsterdam UMC Location VUmc; Department of Biology (E.G.), Faculty of Science, Utrecht University; Department of Immunology (M.W.J.S.), Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Institute of Clinical Chemistry (F.L.), University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Germany; Alzheimer Center Erasmus MC (H.S., J.S., F.J.J.), Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam; and Alzheimer Center Amsterdam (Y.A.L.P.), Neurology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC Location VUmc, The Netherlands.
Frank Jan de JongFrom the Department of Neurology (A.E.M.B., R.W.S., M.M.P.N., M.P., S.C.F., P.A.E.S., J.M.V., H.S., J.S., F.J.J., M.J.T.), Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam; Department of Neurology (R.W.S.), Amsterdam UMC Location VUmc; Clinical Neuropsychology (E.S.V.), Leiden University; Alzheimer Center Amsterdam (W.M.F.), Neurology, Amsterdam UMC Location VUmc; Amsterdam Neuroscience (W.M.F., C.T., Y.A.L.P.), Neurodegeneration; Neurochemistry Laboratory (C.T.), Department of Chemistry, Amsterdam UMC Location VUmc; Department of Biology (E.G.), Faculty of Science, Utrecht University; Department of Immunology (M.W.J.S.), Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Institute of Clinical Chemistry (F.L.), University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Germany; Alzheimer Center Erasmus MC (H.S., J.S., F.J.J.), Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam; and Alzheimer Center Amsterdam (Y.A.L.P.), Neurology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC Location VUmc, The Netherlands.
Yolande A L PijnenburgFrom the Department of Neurology (A.E.M.B., R.W.S., M.M.P.N., M.P., S.C.F., P.A.E.S., J.M.V., H.S., J.S., F.J.J., M.J.T.), Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam; Department of Neurology (R.W.S.), Amsterdam UMC Location VUmc; Clinical Neuropsychology (E.S.V.), Leiden University; Alzheimer Center Amsterdam (W.M.F.), Neurology, Amsterdam UMC Location VUmc; Amsterdam Neuroscience (W.M.F., C.T., Y.A.L.P.), Neurodegeneration; Neurochemistry Laboratory (C.T.), Department of Chemistry, Amsterdam UMC Location VUmc; Department of Biology (E.G.), Faculty of Science, Utrecht University; Department of Immunology (M.W.J.S.), Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Institute of Clinical Chemistry (F.L.), University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Germany; Alzheimer Center Erasmus MC (H.S., J.S., F.J.J.), Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam; and Alzheimer Center Amsterdam (Y.A.L.P.), Neurology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC Location VUmc, The Netherlands.
Maarten J TitulaerFrom the Department of Neurology (A.E.M.B., R.W.S., M.M.P.N., M.P., S.C.F., P.A.E.S., J.M.V., H.S., J.S., F.J.J., M.J.T.), Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam; Department of Neurology (R.W.S.), Amsterdam UMC Location VUmc; Clinical Neuropsychology (E.S.V.), Leiden University; Alzheimer Center Amsterdam (W.M.F.), Neurology, Amsterdam UMC Location VUmc; Amsterdam Neuroscience (W.M.F., C.T., Y.A.L.P.), Neurodegeneration; Neurochemistry Laboratory (C.T.), Department of Chemistry, Amsterdam UMC Location VUmc; Department of Biology (E.G.), Faculty of Science, Utrecht University; Department of Immunology (M.W.J.S.), Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Institute of Clinical Chemistry (F.L.), University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Germany; Alzheimer Center Erasmus MC (H.S., J.S., F.J.J.), Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam; and Alzheimer Center Amsterdam (Y.A.L.P.), Neurology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC Location VUmc, The Netherlands. m.titulaer@erasmusmc.nl.ORCID 0000-0002-1033-3840
Leiden University · NL
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
BACKGROUND &
objectivesAutoimmune encephalitis (AIE) may present with prominent cognitive disturbances without overt inflammatory changes in MRI and CSF. Identification of these neurodegenerative dementia diagnosis mimics is important because patients generally respond to immunotherapy. The objective of this study was to determine the frequency of neuronal antibodies in patients with presumed neurodegenerative dementia and describe the clinical characteristics of the patients with neuronal antibodies.
methodsIn this retrospective cohort study, 920 patients were included with neurodegenerative dementia diagnosis from established cohorts at 2 large Dutch academic memory clinics. In total, 1,398 samples were tested (both CSF and serum in 478 patients) using immunohistochemistry (IHC), cell-based assays (CBA), and live hippocampal cell cultures (LN). To ascertain specificity and prevent false positive results, samples had to test positive by at least 2 different research techniques. Clinical data were retrieved from patient files.
resultsNeuronal antibodies were detected in 7 patients (0.8%), including anti-IgLON5 (n = 3), anti-LGI1 (n = 2), anti-DPPX, and anti-NMDAR. Clinical symptoms atypical for neurodegenerative diseases were identified in all 7 and included subacute deterioration (n = 3), myoclonus (n = 2), a history of autoimmune disease (n = 2), a fluctuating disease course (n = 1), and epileptic seizures (n = 1). In this cohort, no patients with antibodies fulfilled the criteria for rapidly progressive dementia (RPD), yet a subacute deterioration was reported in 3 patients later in the disease course. Brain MRI of none of the patients demonstrated abnormalities suggestive for AIE. CSF pleocytosis was found in 1 patient, considered as an atypical sign for neurodegenerative diseases. Compared with patients without neuronal antibodies (4 per antibody-positive patient), atypical clinical signs for neurodegenerative diseases were seen more frequently among the patients with antibodies (100% vs 21%, DISCUSSION: A small, but clinically relevant proportion of patients suspected to have neurodegenerative dementias have neuronal antibodies indicative of AIE and might benefit from immunotherapy. In patients with atypical signs for neurodegenerative diseases, clinicians should consider neuronal antibody testing. Physicians should keep in mind the clinical phenotype and confirmation of positive test results to avoid false positive results and administration of potential harmful therapy for the wrong indication.
Indexed as
AutoantibodiesAutoimmune Diseases of the Nervous SystemDementiaNeuronsAdolescentAdultAgedAged, 80 and overAlzheimer DiseaseDisease ProgressionFemaleFrontotemporal DementiaHumansMaleMiddle AgedNetherlandsAutoantibodies
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Textmetadata
LicenceCC BY-NC-ND
Read underepoch 390
Registered trials
None linked
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.