ArticlePsychological medicine2023
Causal pathways to social and occupational functioning in the first episode of schizophrenia: uncovering unmet treatment needs.
Article in Psychological medicine, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 15 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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Who cites it
15 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Application of artificial intelligence and psychosocial functioning in psychosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2025Pooled it
- Causal Discovery in Observational Medical Research: Scoping Review.JMIR medical informatics · 2026Article
- Application of artificial intelligence in schizophrenia rehabilitation management: a systematic scoping review.Translational psychiatry · 2026Article
- Assessing directional connections between symptoms, cognition, insight, and real-life functioning in schizophrenia: a partial ancestor graphs analysis.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2026Article
- Examining Causal Pathways to Suicidal Ideation and Nonsuicidal Self-Injury in the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development Study.Suicide & life-threatening behavior · 2025Article
- An ecological momentary assessment of the dynamic relationship between microaggression, idea of reference and affects in patients with first-episode psychosis.BMC psychiatry · 2025Article
- Causal Discovery Analysis Reveals Insights into Psychosis Proneness, Brain Function, and Environmental Factors among Young Individuals.Psychiatry research. Neuroimaging · 2025Article
- Predicting In-Hospital Mortality in Intensive Care Unit Patients Using Causal SurvivalNet With Serum Chloride and Other Causal Factors: Cross-Country Study.Journal of medical Internet research · 2025Article
- Investigating the causal pathways among psychopathological variables, cognitive impairment, and real-life functioning in people with schizophrenia.Schizophrenia (Heidelberg, Germany) · 2025Article
- Power Analysis for Causal Discovery.International journal of data science and analytics · 2024Article
- A longitudinal causal graph analysis investigating modifiable risk factors and obesity in a European cohort of children and adolescents.Scientific reports · 2024Article
- Comparing Causal Bayesian Networks Estimated from Data.Entropy (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Article
- An individualized causal framework for learning intercellular communication networks that define microenvironments of individual tumors.PLoS computational biology · 2022Article
- Etiopathogenic Models of Psychosis Spectrum Illnesses Must Resolve Four Key Features.Biological psychiatry · 2022Review
- Mental health progress requires causal diagnostic nosology and scalable causal discovery.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2022Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
6 authors.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundWe aimed to identify unmet treatment needs for improving social and occupational functioning in early schizophrenia using a data-driven causal discovery analysis.
methodsDemographic, clinical, and psychosocial measures were obtained for 276 participants from the Recovery After an Initial Schizophrenia Episode Early Treatment Program (RAISE-ETP) trial at baseline and 6-months, along with measures of social and occupational functioning from the Quality of Life Scale. The Greedy Fast Causal Inference algorithm was used to learn a partial ancestral graph modeling causal relationships across baseline variables and 6-month functioning. Effect sizes were estimated using a structural equation model. Results were validated in an independent dataset (
resultsIn the data-generated model, greater baseline socio-affective capacity was a cause of greater baseline motivation [Effect size (ES) = 0.77], and motivation was a cause of greater baseline social and occupational functioning (ES = 1.5 and 0.96, respectively), which in turn were causes of their own 6-month outcomes. Six-month motivation was also identified as a cause of occupational functioning (ES = 0.92). Cognitive impairment and duration of untreated psychosis were not direct causes of functioning at either timepoint. The graph for the validation dataset was less determinate, but otherwise supported the findings.
conclusionsIn our data-generated model, baseline socio-affective capacity and motivation are the most direct causes of occupational and social functioning 6 months after entering treatment in early schizophrenia. These findings indicate that socio-affective abilities and motivation are specific high-impact treatment needs that must be addressed in order to promote optimal social and occupational recovery.
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