ArticleEmerging microbes & infections2023
Diverse infectivity, transmissibility, and pathobiology of clade 2.3.4.4 H5Nx highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses in chickens.
Article in Emerging microbes & infections, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 28 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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Who cites it
28 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 37 citations in OpenAlex.
- Transmission Pathways of Zoonotic Influenza Viruses and Influencing Factors: A Systematic Review of Recent Findings.Viruses · 2025Pooled it
- Airway organoids reveal patterns of influenza A tropism and adaptation in wildlife species.Emerging microbes & infections · 2026Article
- Multiple introductions and spread of novel reassortant highly pathogenic avian influenza A (H5N1) clade 2.3.4.4b viruses via wild birds, South Korea, 2024-2025.Veterinary research · 2026Article
- Comprehensive pathological, immunohistochemical, and apoptotic analysis of the highly pathogenic avian influenza a virus H5N1 clade 2.3.4.4b in poultry in Taiwan.Poultry science · 2026Article
- Distinct infectivity, pathogenicity, and adaptive evolution of clade 2.3.4.4 H5N2 avian influenza viruses in chickens in Taiwan.Poultry science · 2026Article
- Epidemiological and Genomic Characterization of H5 Subtype Avian Influenza Viruses in Jining City, 2024-2025.Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- An NS1-F161L Substitution Determines Host-Driven Virulence Enhancement of H5N6 Avian Influenza Virus in Ducks.Viruses · 2026Article
- Evaluating how infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV) infection influences influenza H3N8 challenge in chickens.The Journal of general virology · 2026Article
- Pathogenicity in chickens and ducks of clade 2.3.4.4b H5N6 and H5N3 high pathogenicity avian influenza viruses in South Korea.Frontiers in veterinary science · 2026Article
- Natural infections of highly pathogenic avian influenza virus H5N1 in wild birds between 2020 and 2023 in the UK: a retrospective study with focus on microscopic lesions, viral distribution and neurotropism.Veterinary research · 2025Article
- The impact of highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 virus infection on dairy cows.Nature communications · 2025Article
- Avian Influenza Clade 2.3.4.4b: Global Impact and Summary Analysis of Vaccine Trials.Vaccines · 2025Review
- Emergence, migration and spreading of the high pathogenicity avian influenza virus H5NX of the Gs/Gd lineage into America.The Journal of general virology · 2025Review
- Multivalent Inactivated Vaccine Protects Chickens from Distinct Clades of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Subtypes H5N1 and H5N8.Vaccines · 2025Article
- Comparison of Gross Lesions in Poultry Naturally Infected With High Pathogenicity Avian Influenza H5N6 and H5N1 Viruses in South Korea, 2023-2025.Transboundary and emerging diseases · 2025Article
- Preparedness, prevention and control related to zoonotic avian influenza.EFSA journal. European Food Safety Authority · 2025Article
- Pathogenic and Antigenic Analyses of H5N1 High Pathogenicity Avian Influenza Virus Isolated in the 2022/2023 Season From Poultry Farms in Izumi City, Japan.Transboundary and emerging diseases · 2025Article
- Article
- Genomic characterization of highly pathogenic H5 avian influenza viruses from Alaska during 2022 provides evidence for genotype-specific trends of spatiotemporal and interspecies dissemination.Emerging microbes & infections · 2024Article
- Molecular Characterization of a Clade 2.3.4.4b H5N1 High Pathogenicity Avian Influenza Virus from a 2022 Outbreak in Layer Chickens in the Philippines.Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
7 authors at 3 institutions in 3 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Clade 2.3.4.4 Eurasian lineage H5Nx highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (HPAIV) has become the globally dominant clade and caused global outbreaks since 2014. The clade 2.3.4.4 viruses have evolved into eight hemagglutinin subgroups (2.3.4.4a-h). In this study, we evaluated the infectivity, pathobiology, and transmissibility of seven clade 2.3.4.4 viruses (two 2.3.4.4a, two 2.3.4.4b, one 2.3.4.4c and two 2.3.4.4e) in chickens. The two clade 2.3.4.4e viruses caused 100% mortality and transmissibility in chickens. However, clade 2.3.4.4a and c viruses showed 80-90% mortality and 67% transmissibility. Clade 2.3.4.4b viruses showed 100% mortality, but no transmission to co-housed chickens was observed based on lack of seroconversion. All the infected chickens died showing systemic infection, irrespective of subgroup. The results highlight that all the clade 2.3.4.4 HPAIVs used in this study caused high mortality in infected chickens, but the transmissibility of the viruses in chickens was variable in contrast to that of previous Eurasian-lineage H5N1 HPAIVs. Changes in the pathogenicity and transmissibility of clade 2.3.4.4 HPAIVs warrant careful monitoring of the viruses to establish effective control strategies.
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