ArticleEnvironmental science & technology2023
Characterizing the Organohalogen Iceberg: Extractable, Multihalogen Mass Balance Determination in Municipal Wastewater Treatment Plant Sludge.
Article in Environmental science & technology, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 5 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
5 citing papers in PubMed.
- Spatial and Temporal Analysis of Fluorine Mass Balance in Swedish Sludge and the Impact of Sample Treatment on Extractable Organofluorine.Environmental science & technology · 2026Article
- Polychlorinated Alkane Profiles and Concentrations in Bolivian Andes Soils Point to a Long-Range Transport Influence.Environmental science & technology · 2026Article
- Streamlining Quantification and Data Harmonization of Polychlorinated Alkanes Using a Platform-Independent Workflow.Environmental science & technology · 2025Article
- Perfluoroalkyl acid precursor or weakly fluorinated organic compound? A proof of concept for oxidative fractionation of PFAS and organofluorines.Analytical and bioanalytical chemistry · 2024Article
- Fluorine Mass Balance, including Total Fluorine, Extractable Organic Fluorine, Oxidizable Precursors, and Target Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances, in Pooled Human Serum from the Tromsø Population in 1986, 2007, and 2015.Environmental science & technology · 2023Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
5 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
The large number and diversity of organohalogen compounds (OHCs) occurring in the environment poses a grand challenge to analytical chemists. Since no single targeted method can identify and quantify all OHCs, the size of the OHC "iceberg" may be underestimated. We sought to address this problem in municipal wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) sludge by quantifying the unidentified fraction of the OHC iceberg using targeted analyses of major OHCs together with measurements of total and extractable (organo)halogen (TX and EOX, respectively; where X = F, Cl, or Br). In addition to extensive method validation via spike/recovery and combustion efficiency experiments, TX and/or EOX were determined in reference materials (BCR-461 and NIST SRMs 2585 and 2781) for the first time. Application of the method to WWTP sludge revealed that chlorinated paraffins (CPs) accounted for most (∼92%) of the EOCl, while brominated flame retardants and per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) accounted for only 54% of the EOBr and 2% of the EOF, respectively. Moreover, unidentified EOF in nonpolar CP extracts points to the existence of organofluorine(s) with physical-chemical properties unlike those of target PFAS. This study represents the first multihalogen mass balance in WWTP sludge and offers a novel approach to prioritization of sample extracts for follow-up investigation.
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Registered trials
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