ArticlePNAS nexus2023
Missing Americans: Early death in the United States-1933-2021.
Article in PNAS nexus, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 30 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
30 citing papers in PubMed, 39 citations in OpenAlex.
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- Improving Population Health Through Housing Policy: Lessons From the Public Housing Program.The Milbank quarterly · 2026Article
- Long-term negative divergence in mortality at ages 25-49 years between the United Kingdom and 21 peer countries between 1990 and 2019.European journal of epidemiology · 2026Article
- Causes of Excess Deaths in the US Compared With Other High-Income Countries.JAMA network open · 2026Article
- Corporate Profits and the Health of Americans.Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Article
- Stability and Volatility in the Contextual Predictors of Working-Age Mortality in the United States.Journal of health and social behavior · 2025Article
- Hard Hit: The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on childbearing in the Hispanic/Latino population.SSM - population health · 2025Article
- Race adjustment hides and perpetuates systemic racism: real-world example using life tables.American journal of epidemiology · 2025Article
- Excess US Deaths Before, During, and After the COVID-19 Pandemic.JAMA health forum · 2025Article
- Article
- Evolution of the US nonmetropolitan mortality disadvantage by sex, state, and year, 1999-2019.The Journal of rural health : official journal of the American Rural Health Association and the National Rural Health Care Association · 2025Article
- Threats to Democracy and the Right to Health.American journal of public health · 2025Article
- Recognising the heterogeneity of Indigenous Peoples during the COVID-19 pandemic: a scoping review across Canada, Australia, New Zealand and the USA.BMJ public health · 2024Article
- Multisector Collaboration vs. Social Democracy for Addressing Social Determinants of Health.The Milbank quarterly · 2024Article
- Excess Mortality as a Tool to Monitor the Evolution of Health Emergencies: Choices, Challenges, and Future Directions.American journal of public health · 2024Article
- Article
- Stolen Lives: Redress for Slavery's and Jim Crow's Ongoing Theft of Lifespan.The Russell Sage Foundation journal of the social sciences : RSF · 2024Article
- Malignant Neglect: Accounting for Public Disinterest in Deteriorating Health Outcomes in the United States.American journal of public health · 2024Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
7 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
We assessed how many US deaths would have been averted each year, 1933-2021, if US age-specific mortality rates had equaled the average of 21 other wealthy nations. We refer to these excess US deaths as "missing Americans." The United States had lower mortality rates than peer countries in the 1930s-1950s and similar mortality in the 1960s and 1970s. Beginning in the 1980s, however, the United States began experiencing a steady increase in the number of missing Americans, reaching 622,534 in 2019 alone. Excess US deaths surged during the COVID-19 pandemic, reaching 1,009,467 in 2020 and 1,090,103 in 2021. Excess US mortality was particularly pronounced for persons under 65 years. In 2020 and 2021, half of all US deaths under 65 years and 90% of the increase in under-65 mortality from 2019 to 2021 would have been avoided if the United States had the mortality rates of its peers. In 2021, there were 26.4 million years of life lost due to excess US mortality relative to peer nations, and 49% of all missing Americans died before age 65. Black and Native Americans made up a disproportionate share of excess US deaths, although the majority of missing Americans were White.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.