SynthesisScientific reports2023
Racial and ethnic difference in the risk of fractures in the United States: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
Synthesis in Scientific reports, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 26 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
26 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 32 citations in OpenAlex.
- Pooled it
- Using probiotic supplementation to support bone health in postmenopausal women: a randomized, double-blind, parallel, placebo-controlled, multi-center study.Archives of osteoporosis · 2025Trial
- Risk factors for acromion and scapular spine fractures after reverse total shoulder arthroplasty: a time-to-event analysis.Journal of shoulder and elbow arthroplasty · 2026Article
- Trends and disparities in DXA testing for osteoporosis among Medicare beneficiaries, 2005-2023.Osteoporosis international : a journal established as result of cooperation between the European Foundation for Osteoporosis and the National Osteoporosis Foundation of the USA · 2026Article
- Risk of fracture following androgen receptor pathway inhibitors in men with advanced prostate cancer.Journal of the National Cancer Institute · 2026Article
- Temporal trend of pediatric fracture epidemiology in Thailand: a nationwide study 2018-2024.Osteoporosis international : a journal established as result of cooperation between the European Foundation for Osteoporosis and the National Osteoporosis Foundation of the USA · 2026Article
- Pathophysiology and Molecular Signalling in Osteoporosis: Linking Risk Factors to Bone Loss.Journal of cellular and molecular medicine · 2026Review
- Opportunistic Screening on Chest CT, From theAJR. American journal of roentgenology · 2026Review
- Trends in femoral neck fracture-related mortality in the United States: A nationwide retrospective study from 1999 to 2023.Medicine · 2026Article
- Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry-measured lean mass and clinical bone fracture in elderly Japanese men: the Fujiwara-kyo Osteoporosis Risk in Men (FORMEN) cohort study.Environmental health and preventive medicine · 2026Article
- Global burden of low bone mineral density related fractures in pre- and post-menopausal women from 1990 to 2021, with projections to 2050.Osteoporosis international : a journal established as result of cooperation between the European Foundation for Osteoporosis and the National Osteoporosis Foundation of the USA · 2025Article
- The association between dairy and bone quality in Puerto Rican adults varies by dairy food and fat content.JBMR plus · 2025Article
- Observational
- Serum 25(OH)D Levels in Fragility-Fractured and Non-fractured Patients in a Low Latitude Region.Cureus · 2025Article
- Temporal and regional trends of fractures in the United States: A review of the global burden of disease database.Journal of orthopaedics · 2025Article
- Article
- Precision Renal Osteodystrophy: What's Race Got to do With It?Current osteoporosis reports · 2024Review
- Disparities in Osteoporosis Prevention and Care: Understanding Gender, Racial, and Ethnic Dynamics.Current reviews in musculoskeletal medicine · 2024Review
- Nonunion Fractures: Trends in Epidemiology and Treatment of Femur Fractures, 2017-2022.Cureus · 2024Article
- Trends in Epidemiology and Treatment of Humerus Fractures in the United States, 2017-2022.Cureus · 2024Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors at 2 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
This systematic review and meta-analysis examined the association between race and ethnicity and fracture risk in the United States. We identified relevant studies by searching PubMed and EMBASE for studies published from the databases' inception date to December 23, 2022. Only observational studies conducted in the US population that reported the effect size of racial-ethnic minority groups versus white people were included. Two investigators independently conducted literature searches, study selection, risk of bias assessment, and data abstraction; discrepancies were resolved by consensus or consultation of a third investigator. Twenty-five studies met the inclusion criteria, and the random-effects model was used to calculate the pooled effect size due to heterogeneity between the studies. Using white people as the reference group, we found that people of other races and ethnic groups had a significantly lower fracture risk. In Black people, the pooled relative risk (RR) was 0.46 (95% confidence interval (CI), 0.43-0.48, p < 0.0001). In Hispanics, the pooled RR was 0.66 (95% CI, 0.55-0.79, p < 0.0001). In Asian Americans, the pooled RR was 0.55 (95% CI, 0.45-0.66, p < 0.0001). In American Indians, the pooled RR was 0.80 (95% CI, 0.41-1.58, p = 0.3436). Subgroup analysis by sex in Black people revealed the strength of association was greater in men (RR = 0.57, 95% CI = 0.51-0.63, p < 0.0001) than in women (RR = 0.43, 95% CI = 0.39-0.47, p < 0.0001). Our findings suggest that people of other races and ethnic groups have a lower fracture risk than white people.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.