ArticleCurrent biology : CB2023
Transcription activator-like effector protects bacterial endosymbionts from entrapment within fungal hyphae.
Article in Current biology : CB, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 12 papers.
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Who cites it
12 citing papers in PubMed, 20 citations in OpenAlex.
- Light restores sporulation in Rhizopus microsporus cured of its endosymbionts, unveiling their role in fitness and virulence.The ISME journal · 2026Article
- Endosymbiotic interactions in the fungal kingdom: a framework for progressive endosymbiosis.Frontiers in microbiology · 2026Review
- Article
- Take control of expression: effector-mediated modulation of the host transcriptional machinery.Frontiers in plant science · 2026Review
- Induced endosymbiosis between a fungus and bacterium reveals a shift from antagonism to commensalism.Nature communications · 2025Article
- Endofungal bacteria as hidden facilitators of biotic interactions.The ISME journal · 2025Review
- Diversity analysis of endohyphal bacteria in oil-producing fungi inhabiting arid environments.Frontiers in microbiology · 2025Article
- Article
- Symbioses between fungi and bacteria: from mechanisms to impacts on biodiversity.Current opinion in microbiology · 2024Review
- Prevalence and diversity of TAL effector-like proteins in fungal endosymbioticMicrobial genomics · 2024Article
- Deazaflavin metabolite produced by endosymbiotic bacteria controls fungal host reproduction.The ISME journal · 2024Article
- Detecting and characterizing new endofungal bacteria in new hosts:Frontiers in microbiology · 2024Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
10 authors at 2 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
As an endosymbiont of the ecologically and medically relevant fungus Rhizopus microsporus, the toxin-producing bacterium Mycetohabitans rhizoxinica faces myriad challenges, such as evading the host's defense mechanisms. However, the bacterial effector(s) that facilitate the remarkable ability of M. rhizoxinica to freely migrate within fungal hyphae have thus far remained unknown. Here, we show that a transcription activator-like (TAL) effector released by endobacteria is an essential symbiosis factor. By combining microfluidics with fluorescence microscopy, we observed enrichment of TAL-deficient M. rhizoxinica in side hyphae. High-resolution live imaging showed the formation of septa at the base of infected hyphae, leading to the entrapment of endobacteria. Using a LIVE/DEAD stain, we demonstrate that the intracellular survival of trapped TAL-deficient bacteria is significantly reduced compared with wild-type M. rhizoxinica, indicative of a protective host response in the absence of TAL proteins. Subversion of host defense in TAL-competent endobacteria represents an unprecedented function of TAL effectors. Our data illustrate an unusual survival strategy of endosymbionts in the host and provide deeper insights into the dynamic interactions between bacteria and eukaryotes.
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