ArticleEuropean journal of applied physiology2023
Unlocking the depths: multiple factors contribute to risk for hypoxic blackout during deep freediving.
Article in European journal of applied physiology, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 6 papers.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
6 citing papers in PubMed, 7 citations in OpenAlex.
- Advances in breath-hold diving research: a state-of-the-art review.European journal of applied physiology · 2026Review
- Dietary habits and self-reported hypoxic events in competitive freedivers: an observational study.Frontiers in nutrition · 2026Article
- Wearable Technology in Diving: A Review of Heart Rate and Oxygen Saturation Monitoring for Enhanced Safety and Performance.Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Review
- In at the deep end: the physiological challenges associated with artistic swimming.Clinical autonomic research : official journal of the Clinical Autonomic Research Society · 2024Article
- Cerebral hemodynamic and systemic physiological changes in trained freedivers completing sled-assisted dives to two different depths.American journal of physiology. Regulatory, integrative and comparative physiology · 2024Article
- Autonomic dysfunction as a possible cause of sudden cardiac death in swimming sports.Frontiers in cardiovascular medicine · 2024Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
4 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
purposeTo examine the effect of freediving depth on risk for hypoxic blackout by recording arterial oxygen saturation (SpO
methodsFourteen competitive freedivers conducted open-water training dives wearing a water-/pressure proof pulse oximeter continuously recording HR and SpO
resultsMean ± SD depth was 53 ± 14 m for deep and 17 ± 4 m for shallow dives. Respective dive durations (120 ± 18 s and 116 ± 43 s) did not differ. Deep dives resulted in lower minimum SpO
conclusionsDespite similar dive durations, oxygen desaturation was greater during deep dives, confirming increased risk of hypoxic blackout with increased depth. In addition to the rapid drop in alveolar pressure and oxygen uptake during ascent, several other risk factors associated with deep freediving were identified, including higher swimming effort and oxygen consumption, a compromised diving response, an autonomic conflict possibly causing arrhythmias, and compromised oxygen uptake at depth by lung compression possibly leading to atelectasis or pulmonary edema in some individuals. Individuals with elevated risk could likely be identified using wearable technology.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.