ArticleInternational journal of molecular sciences2023
TCGA RNA-Seq and Tumor-Infiltrating Lymphocyte Imaging Data Reveal Cold Tumor Signatures of Invasive Ductal Carcinomas and Estrogen Receptor-Positive Human Breast Tumors.
Article in International journal of molecular sciences, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 11 papers.
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Who cites it
11 citing papers in PubMed, 10 citations in OpenAlex.
- Article
- A Melanoma-Specific Gene Network Analysis Identifies MZB1 as a Potential Tumor Promoter.The Journal of investigative dermatology · 2026Article
- Research progress on tumor extracellular matrix stiffness and immunosuppression.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Stromal COL11A1: Mechanisms of Stroma-Driven Multidrug Resistance in Breast Cancer and Biomarker Potential.Biomedicines · 2025Review
- From cold to hot tumors: feasibility of applying therapeutic insights to TNBC.Discover oncology · 2025Review
- The untapped potential of radiation and immunotherapy for hormone receptor-positive breast cancer.NPJ breast cancer · 2025Review
- Tumor-Infiltrating Lymphocytes in Breast and Female Genital Tract Cancers: Overlooked Potential and Unexplored Frontiers.Cancer medicine · 2025Review
- Monoclonal antibody immune therapy response instrument for stratification and cost-effective personalized approaches in 3PM-guided pan cancer management.The EPMA journal · 2025Review
- [SLC1A5 overexpression accelerates progression of hepatocellular carcinoma by promoting M2 polarization of macrophages].Nan fang yi ke da xue xue bao = Journal of Southern Medical University · 2025Article
- Single-cell profiling identifies heterogeneity of the immune microenvironment in healthy, primary and lymph node metastatic BC.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Article
- Immunologic tumor microenvironment modulators for turning cold tumors hot.Cancer communications (London, England) · 2024Review
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Authors and funding
7 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Comparative studies of immune-active hot and immune-deserted cold tumors are critical for identifying therapeutic targets and strategies to improve immunotherapy outcomes in cancer patients. Tumors with high tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) are likely to respond to immunotherapy. We used the human breast cancer RNA-seq data from the cancer genome atlas (TCGA) and classified them into hot and cold tumors based on their lymphocyte infiltration scores. We compared the immune profiles of hot and cold tumors, their corresponding normal tissue adjacent to the tumor (NAT), and normal breast tissues from healthy individuals from the Genotype-Tissue Expression (GTEx) database. Cold tumors showed a significantly lower effector T cells, lower levels of antigen presentation, higher pro-tumorigenic M2 macrophages, and higher expression of extracellular matrix (ECM) stiffness-associated genes. Hot/cold dichotomy was further tested using TIL maps and H&E whole-slide pathology images from the cancer imaging archive (TCIA). Analysis of both datasets revealed that infiltrating ductal carcinoma and estrogen receptor ER-positive tumors were significantly associated with cold features. However, only TIL map analysis indicated lobular carcinomas as cold tumors and triple-negative breast cancers (TNBC) as hot tumors. Thus, RNA-seq data may be clinically relevant to tumor immune signatures when the results are supported by pathological evidence.
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