ArticleJournal of clinical medicine2023
Clustering Analysis Identified Three Long COVID Phenotypes and Their Association with General Health Status and Working Ability.
Article in Journal of clinical medicine, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 30 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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Who cites it
30 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 35 citations in OpenAlex.
- Factors influencing work ability and return-to-work in individuals affected by post-COVID: a systematic review.BMC public health · 2026Pooled it
- Risk factors of post-COVID-19 symptoms, a cross-sectional study in patients with asthma and chronic obstructive lung disease.NPJ primary care respiratory medicine · 2026Article
- Long COVID symptom profiles, workforce participation, and working hours among adults in England: a population-based cohort study.The Lancet regional health. Europe · 2026Article
- Long COVID longitudinal symptoms burden clusters within a national community-based cohort.BMC infectious diseases · 2026Article
- Identifying Long Covid phenotypes and their association with personal characteristics, healthcare use, and daily life burden: population-based study in Belgium.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Association of pre-pandemic respiratory system diseases with long COVID: a population-based case-control study.BMC infectious diseases · 2026Article
- Identifying subtypes of Long COVID: a systematic review.EClinicalMedicine · 2026Article
- COVID-19-associated neurological and psychological manifestations.Nature reviews. Disease primers · 2025Review
- Taste dysfunction in Long COVID.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2025Article
- Prevalence of depression, anxiety, fatigue, and headache before and after long COVID onset: a case-control study in the total population of Region Stockholm.BMC medicine · 2025Article
- Long COVID Longitudinal Symptoms Burden Clusters Within A National Community-Based Cohort.medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences · 2025Article
- Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on trends in health conditions associated with alcohol among patients with hypertension in Sweden.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Exploration of Intersections and Divergences of Long COVID and Chronic Fatigue Syndrome.Cureus · 2025Article
- The association between baseline physical and mental health and the risk of postacute sequelae of COVID-19 infection.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Prediction and phenotyping of long COVID in kidney transplant recipients: A cross-sectional study.Clinical nephrology · 2025Article
- Long COVID's Hidden Complexity: Machine Learning Reveals Why Personalized Care Remains Essential.Journal of clinical medicine · 2025Article
- Using machine learning involving diagnoses and medications as a risk prediction tool for post-acute sequelae of COVID-19 (PASC) in primary care.BMC medicine · 2025Article
- Long COVID and its risk factors in migrants: a nationwide register study from Sweden.BMC medicine · 2025Article
- The health-related quality of life among survivors with post-COVID conditions in the United States.PloS one · 2025Article
- Factors associated with health-related quality of life 1 year after COVID-19: a cross-sectional study in Sweden.Upsala journal of medical sciences · 2025Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
8 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
BACKGROUND/
aimThis study aimed to distinguish different phenotypes of long COVID through the post-COVID syndrome (PCS) score based on long-term persistent symptoms following COVID-19 and evaluate whether these symptoms affect general health and work ability. In addition, the study identified predictors for severe long COVID.
methodThis cluster analysis included cross-sectional data from three cohorts of patients after COVID-19: non-hospitalized (n = 401), hospitalized (n = 98) and those enrolled at the post-COVID outpatient's clinic (n = 85). All the subjects responded to the survey on persistent long-term symptoms and sociodemographic and clinical factors. K-Means cluster analysis and ordinal logistic regression were used to create PCS scores that were used to distinguish patients' phenotypes.
results506 patients with complete data on persistent symptoms were divided into three distinct phenotypes: none/mild (59%), moderate (22%) and severe (19%). The patients with severe phenotype, with the predominating symptoms were fatigue, cognitive impairment and depression, had the most reduced general health status and work ability. Smoking, snuff, body mass index (BMI), diabetes, chronic pain and symptom severity at COVID-19 onset were factors predicting severe phenotype.
conclusionThis study suggested three phenotypes of long COVID, where the most severe was associated with the highest impact on general health status and working ability. This knowledge on long COVID phenotypes could be used by clinicians to support their medical decisions regarding prioritizing and more detailed follow-up of some patient groups.
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