ArticleInternational journal of environmental research and public health2023
Education Level and Self-Reported Cardiovascular Disease in Norway-The Tromsø Study, 1994-2016.
Article in International journal of environmental research and public health, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 5 papers.
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5 citing papers in PubMed, 8 citations in OpenAlex.
- Association and Interaction of Neighborhood Environment and Social Factors With Blood Glucose Among Adult Residents: A Cross-Sectional Study.Health science reports · 2026Article
- Income, education, and the clustering of risk in cardiovascular disease in the US, 1999-2018: an observational study.Lancet regional health. Americas · 2025Article
- Risk Factors of CVD in Different Ethnic Groups in Kyrgyzstan.Public health challenges · 2025Article
- Prevalence of Cardiovascular-Kidney-Metabolic Syndrome Stages by Social Determinants of Health.JAMA network open · 2024 · on this mapArticle
- Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease Novel and Traditional Risk Factors in Middle Eastern Young Women. The ANCORS-YW Study.Global heart · 2024Article
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3 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
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Abstract
backgroundCardiovascular disease (CVD) is a leading source of morbidity and mortality, and research has shown education level to be a risk factor for the disease. The aim of this study was to investigate the association between education level and self-reported CVD in Tromsø, Norway.
methodsThis prospective cohort study included 12,400 participants enrolled in the fourth and seventh surveys of the Tromsø Study (Tromsø4 and Tromsø7) in 1994-1995 and 2015-2016, respectively. Logistic regression was used to obtain odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs).
resultsFor every 1-level increase in education, the age-adjusted risk of self-reported CVD decreased by 9% (OR = 0.91, 95% CI: 0.87-0.96), but after adjustment for covariates, the association was weaker (OR = 0.96, 95% CI: 0.92-1.01). The association was stronger for women (OR = 0.86, 95% CI: 0.79-0.94) than men (OR = 0.91, 95% CI: 0.86-0.97) in age-adjusted models. After adjustment for covariates, the associations for women and men were similarly weak (women: OR = 0.95, 95% CI: 0.87-1.04; men: OR = 0.97, 95% CI: 0.91-1.03). In age-adjusted-models, higher education level was associated with a lower risk of self-reported heart attack (OR = 0.90, 95% CI: 0.84-0.96), but not stroke (OR = 0.97, 95% CI: 0.90-1.05) or angina (OR = 0.98, 95% CI: 0.90-1.07). There were no clear associations observed in the multivariable models for CVD components (heart attack: OR = 0.97, 95% CI: 0.91-1.05; stroke: OR = 1.01, 95% CI: 0.93-1.09; angina: OR = 1.04, 95% CI: 0.95-1.14).
conclusionsNorwegian adults with a higher education level were at lower risk of self-reported CVD. The association was present in both genders, with a lower risk observed in women than men. After accounting for lifestyle factors, there was no clear association between education level and self-reported CVD, likely due to covariates acting as mediators.
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