ArticleThe journals of gerontology. Series B, Psychological sciences and social sciences2023
Education, Social Engagement, and Cognitive Function: A Cross-Lagged Panel Analysis.
Article in The journals of gerontology. Series B, Psychological sciences and social sciences, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 24 papers.
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Who cites it
24 citing papers in PubMed.
- Social engagement and brain structure-informed cognitive domain trajectories in older adults: The National Health and Aging Trends Study.Alzheimer's & dementia : the journal of the Alzheimer's Association · 2026Article
- Does neurodevelopmental load predict cognitive flexibility?Schizophrenia research. Cognition · 2026Article
- Higher educational attainment in Huntington disease families: evidence from the Enroll-HD study.Orphanet journal of rare diseases · 2026Article
- Redefining cognitive testing: the impact of cognitive reserve and sex from early to late adulthood.Frontiers in psychology · 2026Article
- Cognitive function, anxiety, and depression in patients newly diagnosed with thyroid cancer in China.Frontiers in psychology · 2026Article
- Is social connection the key to prevention? Educational attainment, incident dementia, and the role of later-life social engagement.Innovation in aging · 2026Article
- Article
- Associations of life course social determinants of health, social mobility with cognitive function and roles of social participation and lifestyle: a multicohort study.BMC medicine · 2025Article
- Urban-rural differences and bidirectional association between social participation and cognitive function among Chinese older adults: a 10-year prospective cohort study.Archives of public health = Archives belges de sante publique · 2025Article
- Association of childhood and adult socioeconomic status with adult social connection: a mediation analysis.American journal of epidemiology · 2025Article
- Bidirectional association between grip strength and cognitive function in Chinese older adults: a nationwide cohort study.BMC public health · 2025Article
- Associations of anti-inflammatory diet with cognitive impairment, physical dysfunction, depressive symptoms, and Multimorbidity in Chinese elderly: a national community-based study.BMC public health · 2025Article
- Exclusionary states in older age and their temporary effects on cognitive decline.BMC psychology · 2025Article
- Public awareness of low vision rehabilitation in China.Frontiers in medicine · 2025Article
- Risk factors and prediction model for cancer-related cognitive impairment in thyroid cancer patients.American journal of cancer research · 2025Article
- Correlated factors of posttraumatic growth in patients with colorectal cancer: A systematic review and meta-analysis.International journal of nursing sciences · 2025Review
- A study on the impact of chronic diseases and depressive symptoms comorbidity on the risk of cognitive impairment in middle-aged and older adults people based on the CHARLS database.Frontiers in public health · 2025Article
- Education and urbanization improves cognitive function affected by altitude of adolescents: a cross-section study in Tibet, China.Frontiers in public health · 2025Article
- Association Between Socioeconomic Status and Neuropsychiatric Symptoms in the UK Biobank: The Moderating Role of Sociability.Depression and anxiety · 2025Article
- Performance Under Fire: Older Adult Cognitive Risks and Protections Under Heat Strain.The Gerontologist · 2024Article
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4 authors.
Funding
Abstract
objectivesAlthough education and social engagement are considered cognitive reserves, the pathway of both reserves on cognitive function has been rarely studied. This study aimed to examine the underlying mechanism between education, social engagement, and cognitive function.
methodsThis study used 2-wave data (2010 and 2014) from Health and Retirement Study in the United States (N = 3,201). Education was measured by years of schooling. Social engagement was evaluated by 20 items including volunteering, physical activities, social activities, and cognitive activities. Cognitive function was assessed by a modified Telephone Interview for Cognitive Status. A cross-lagged panel model was fitted to test the mediating mechanism between education, social engagement, and cognitive function.
resultsControlling for covariates, higher education in early life was associated with better cognitive function in old age (b = 0.211, 95% confidence interval [CI] = [0.163, 0.259], p < .01). Late-life social engagement partially mediated the association between education and cognitive function (indirect effect = 0.021, 95% CI = [0.010, 0.033], p < .01). The indirect path between education and social engagement via cognition also existed (b = 0.009, 95% CI = [0.005, 0.012], p < .001). DISCUSSION: Education in earlier life stage may exert a lifelong effect on cognitive function as well as an indirect effect via enhancing late-life cognitive reserve such as social engagement. The cross-lagged effect of social engagement on cognitive function is significant and vice versa. Future research may explore other cognitive reserves over the life course and its underlying mechanism to achieve healthy cognitive aging.
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