Transgenerational Inheritance and Systemic Racism in America.

Objective: It is well established that personal experiences of trauma, adversity, and discrimination can "get under the skin" and increase risk for a whole host of negative mental and physical health outcomes. The aim of this article is to review emerging research on transgenerational epigenetic inheritance which suggests that negative exposures in one generation, can also be passed down to affect the health and well-being of future generations. Method: This paper reviews key concepts in transgenerational epigenetic inheritance research, select animal and human studies examining the role of epigenetic mechanisms in transmitting the impact of ancestral stress and trauma, poor nutrition, and toxicant exposure across generations, and factors that can mitigate the effects of these experiences. Results: The animal studies provide compelling evidence for a role for these mechanisms in the transmission of the negative effects associated with ancestral adversities. Animal and clinical studies also suggest that the negative impact of personal and ancestral traumas can be prevented, with a role for in humans for evidence-based trauma treatments, culturally adapted prevention and intervention programs, and enrichment opportunities strongly indicated. Conclusions: Although comparable definitive data is lacking in multigenerational human cohorts, preliminary data supports a potential role for transgenerational epigenetic mechanisms in explaining persistent health disparities in the absence of personal exposures, and further elucidation of these mechanisms may guide the design of novel interventions. In addressing ancestral traumas, however, true change and healing will require acknowledgement of the harms that were done, and broader systemic policy level changes.