ArticleJournal for immunotherapy of cancer2023
Developing a definition of immune exclusion in cancer: results of a modified Delphi workshop.
Article in Journal for immunotherapy of cancer, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 32 papers.
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Who cites it
32 citing papers in PubMed.
- Exploiting the CXCR3/CXCL10 axis overrides tumor immune suppression by enhancing immune trafficking and effector cell priming in HNSCC.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2026Article
- Lactate as a Master Regulator of Immune Suppression: From Metabolic Waste to Epigenetic Checkpoint in Colorectal Cancer.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- Spatial ecotype in tumor immune exclusion: from spatial architecture to therapeutic strategies.Molecular cancer · 2026Review
- Review
- Macrophage Plasticity in Cancer Therapy: Function, Timing, and Tradeoffs.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- Regulatory network and spatial modeling reveal cooperative mechanisms of resistance and immune escape in ER+ breast cancer.BMC cancer · 2026Article
- Platelets in the tumor microenvironment: potential mediators of immune exclusion and resistance to immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy.Cellular oncology (Dordrecht, Netherlands) · 2026Review
- Reprogramming the melanoma tumor immune microenvironment via combinatorial signal 2/3 gene delivery.Journal for immunotherapy of cancer · 2026Article
- Dual-mode microfluidic immunostaining device for diagnostic biomarkers detection and tumor microenvironment evaluation.Science advances · 2026Article
- From immune exclusion to exhaustion: tumor microenvironment drives therapy response.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Metachronous bilateral renal cancer with immune checkpoint blockade-mediated eradication of bone metastasis: case report.Frontiers in oncology · 2026Article
- Hierarchical Tissue-Specific Modeling of Pathology Images Predicts Response in HER2+ Breast Cancer.Cyborg and bionic systems (Washington, D.C.) · 2026Article
- Mechanism of Bispecific Antibodies and Clinical Research Advances in Lung Cancer.Current cancer drug targets · 2026Review
- Immune exclusion as a recurrent immune-escape state driving treatment resistance in osteosarcoma: insights from single-cell, spatial, and multi-omics studies.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Mitochondrial metabolic reprogramming at the interface of chemoresistance and immune-cold tumor states.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Regulatory network and spatial modeling reveal cooperative mechanisms of resistance and immune escape in ER+ breast cancer.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2025Article
- Review
- m5C RNA methylation in cancer: from biological mechanism to clinical perspectives.European journal of medical research · 2025Review
- Gadoxetic Acid-Enhanced Magnetic Resonance Imaging Features Can Predict Immune-Excluded Phenotype of Hepatocellular Carcinoma.Liver cancer · 2025Article
- Clinical factors influencing retreatment with anti-PD-(L)1 therapies after treatment in early-stage cancers: a modified Delphi consensus study.Journal for immunotherapy of cancer · 2025Article
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17 authors.
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Abstract
Checkpoint inhibitors represent an effective treatment approach for a variety of cancers through their inhibition of immune regulatory pathways within the tumor microenvironment (TME). Unfortunately only a minority of patients with cancer achieve clinical benefit from immunotherapy, with the TME emerging as an important predictor of outcomes and sensitivity to therapy. The extent and pattern of T-cell infiltration can vary prominently within/across tumors and represents a biological continuum. Three immune profiles have been identified along this continuum: 'immune-desert' or 'T-cell cold' phenotype, 'immune-active', 'inflamed', or 'T-cell hot' phenotype, and 'immune excluded' phenotype. Of the three profiles, immune excluded remains the most ill-defined with no clear, universally accepted definition even though it is commonly associated with lack of response to immune checkpoint inhibitors and poor clinical outcomes. To address this, 16 multidisciplinary cancer experts from around the world were invited to participate in a symposium using a three-round modified Delphi approach. The first round was an open-ended questionnaire distributed via email and the second was an in-person discussion of the first round results that allowed for statements to be revised as necessary to achieve a maximum consensus (75% agreement) among the rating committee (RC). The final round questionnaire was distributed to the RC via email and had a 100% completion rate. The Delphi process resulted in moving us closer to a consensus definition for immune exclusion that is practical, clinically pertinent, and applicable across a wide range of cancer histologies. A general consensus of the role of immune exclusion in resistance to checkpoint therapy and five research priorities emerged from this process. Together, these tools could help efforts designed to address the underlying mechanisms of immune exclusion that span cancer types and, ultimately, aid in the development of treatments to target these mechanisms to improve patient outcomes.
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