ArticleClinical ophthalmology (Auckland, N.Z.)2023
Profile of Patients Treated with Intravitreal Anti-Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Injections in Bhutan.
Article in Clinical ophthalmology (Auckland, N.Z.), 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 5 papers.
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Who cites it
5 citing papers in PubMed, 6 citations in OpenAlex.
- Twelve-Month Outcomes of Anti-VEGF Therapy for nAMD with Brolucizumab, Aflibercept, and Ranibizumab in the Polish National Registry: A Multicenter Database Study.Journal of clinical medicine · 2025Article
- Comparative study on the efficacy of different aflibercept regimens in the treatment of macular edema secondary to branch retinal vein occlusion.Frontiers in medicine · 2025Article
- Twelve‑Month Response and Safety of Intravitreal Dexamethasone Implant in Treatment‑Naïve and Recalcitrant Diabetic Macular Edema (TREAT-DME Study).Clinical ophthalmology (Auckland, N.Z.) · 2025Article
- Comparing 2-dimensional macular pigment optical density with objective and subjective perimetry and visual acuity in age-related macular degeneration.Graefe's archive for clinical and experimental ophthalmology = Albrecht von Graefes Archiv fur klinische und experimentelle Ophthalmologie · 2024Article
- Pattern and Prevalence of Retinal Vein Occlusion in Bhutan: A 3-Year National Survey at Vitreoretinal Clinics.Clinical ophthalmology (Auckland, N.Z.) · 2024Article
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Authors and funding
3 authors at 1 institution in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Purpose: Ocular vascular diseases are common causes of visual impairment and blindness, for which anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (anti-VEGF) is the first-line therapy. Current study describes the profile of patients receiving intravitreal anti-VEGF injections (IVI), and gender variation in Bhutan. The study was designed to inform national health policy. Study Design: Retrospective cross-sectional study. Methods: We reviewed the surgical registers of the vitreoretinal (VR) units across Bhutan over three years. Patient demography, clinical findings, diagnostic tests performed, and diagnoses or indications for IVI were logged. A descriptive analysis was performed. Results: Despite limited availability of anti-VEGF, a total of 381 patients received IVI in operating theatres as mandated by the national guidelines. The majority of patients were males (230, 60.4%, p = 0.004). The mean age was 65.2 ± 13.5 years (range 13 years to 90 years), and a median of 69 years. The majority of the treated eyes (117, 30.7%) had BCVA <3/60 to light perception (PL), and another 51 eyes (13.4%) had < 6/60 to 3/60. The most common indication for IVI was neovascular age-related macular degeneration (nAMD) (168 cases, 42.2%), followed by retinal vein occlusion (RVO) (132 cases, 34.6%), diabetic macular oedema (DMO) and retinopathy (DR) (50 cases, 13.1%), and myopic choroidal neovascular membrane (11 cases, 0.03%). Conclusion: Limited human resources for managing VR diseases in Bhutan are compounded by economic and geographic challenges. With increasing VR diseases such as nAMD and myopia and complications of systemic diseases such as DR, DMO and RVO, there is a need to improve VR services. Currently, anti-VEGF is procured only for a pooled patients requiring IVI, and patients are lost due to longer waiting periods. Bhutan needs to assess if females are reporting less or are not receiving treatment due to cultural barriers and social stigma.
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