ArticleFrontiers in immunology2023
SARS-CoV-2 infection impairs NK cell functions
Article in Frontiers in immunology, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 18 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
18 citing papers in PubMed, 25 citations in OpenAlex.
- Immune Checkpoint-Based Therapies in Colorectal Cancer-Current Approaches and Future Perspectives.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- CD161 and LLT1 expression in immune cell populations of Hodgkin lymphoma tumor microenvironment.Frontiers in medicine · 2026Article
- Immune checkpoint TIM-3 defines hyperactivated NK cells and predicts fatal outcome in severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome.PLoS neglected tropical diseases · 2026Article
- Reed-Sternberg cells express CD161 and lectin-like transcript 1 in Hodgkin lymphoma.Frontiers in medicine · 2026Article
- Translational Insights into NK Immunophenotyping: Comparative Surface Marker Analysis and Circulating Immune Cell Profiling in Cancer Immunotherapy.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Review
- KLRB1 expression in nasopharyngeal mucosa as a prognostic biomarker in COVID-19 patients.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Synergistic effects ofFrontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2025Article
- Identification and validation of core biomarkers for sepsis: a comprehensive analysis using bioinformatics and machine learning.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Article
- Natural Killer Cell Immune Checkpoints and Their Therapeutic Targeting in Cancer Treatment.Research (Washington, D.C.) · 2025Article
- NK-cell receptor modulation in viral infections.Clinical and experimental immunology · 2024Review
- Article
- Lectin-like Transcript-1 (LLT1) Expression in Oral Squamous Cell Carcinomas: Prognostic Significance and Relationship with the Tumor Immune Microenvironment.International journal of molecular sciences · 2024Article
- The proportion of CD161 on CD56Immunity, inflammation and disease · 2024Article
- The Possible Role of Pathogens and Chronic Immune Stimulation in the Development of Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma.Biomedicines · 2024Review
- C-type lectin receptor 2d forms homodimers and heterodimers with TLR2 to negatively regulate IRF5-mediated antifungal immunity.Nature communications · 2023Article
- Initial immune response after exposure toFrontiers in immunology · 2023Review
- Early expansion of activated adaptive but also exhausted NK cells during acute severe SARS-CoV-2 infection.Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2023Article
- Cell type dependent stability and virulence of a recombinant SARS-CoV-2, and engineering of a propagation deficient RNA replicon to analyze virus RNA synthesis.Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2023Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
14 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Introduction: Natural killer (NK) cells plays a pivotal role in the control of viral infections, and their function depend on the balance between their activating and inhibitory receptors. The immune dysregulation observed in COVID-19 patients was previously associated with downregulation of NK cell numbers and function, yet the mechanism of inhibition of NK cell functions and the interplay between infected cells and NK cells remain largely unknown. Methods: In this study we show that SARS-CoV-2 infection of airway epithelial cells can directly influence NK cell phenotype and functions in the infection microenvironment. NK cells were co-cultured with SARS-CoV-2 infected epithelial cells, in a direct contact with A549 Results: We observed a selective, in both utilized experimental models, significant downregulation the proportion of CD161 (NKR-P1A or KLRB1) expressing NK cells, and its expression level, which was followed by a significant impairment of NK cells cytotoxicity level against K562 cells. What is more, we confirmed that SARS-CoV-2 infection upregulates the expression of the ligand for CD161 receptor, lectin-like transcript 1 (LLT1, CLEC2D or OCIL), on infected epithelial cells. LLT1 protein can be also detected not only in supernatants of SARS-CoV-2 infected A549 Conclusion: We propose a novel mechanism of SARS-CoV-2 inhibition of NK cell functions via activation of the LLT1-CD161 axis.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.