ArticleFrontiers in immunology2023
Cognitive impairment in long-COVID and its association with persistent dysregulation in inflammatory markers.
Article in Frontiers in immunology, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 23 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
23 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 34 citations in OpenAlex.
- [Cognition and Long COVID: A PRISMA Systematic Review of Longitudinal Studies].Revista de neurologia · 2025Pooled it
- Pooled it
- Resting-state functional connectivity and cognitive impairment after COVID-19 infection: Evidence from a large-scale fMRI study.European psychiatry : the journal of the Association of European Psychiatrists · 2026Article
- Implementation of an interdisciplinary research model at a tertiary University Hospital in São Paulo, Brazil: post-COVID-19 cohort study.Clinics (Sao Paulo, Brazil) · 2026Article
- Sex Differences in Metabolite-Immune Circuits of Neuroinflammation.Immunological reviews · 2026Review
- Neurological symptoms and physical exam findings 6-11 months post-COVID-19: a cohort study.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Peripheral blood cytokines during early and post-acute stages of SARS-CoV-2 infection are associated with disease severity and long-term symptoms.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Article
- Article
- Pattern Recognition Receptors (PRRs) Expression and Activation in COVID-19 and Long COVID: From SARS-CoV-2 Escape Mechanisms to Emerging PRR-Targeted Immunotherapies.Microorganisms · 2025Review
- Cognitive Impairments in Two Samples of Individuals with ME/CFS and Long COVID: A Comparative Analysis.Journal of clinical psychology in medical settings · 2025Article
- Human herpesvirus reactivation and its potential role in the pathogenesis of post-acute sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 infection.GeroScience · 2025Review
- Evaluating contributions of neuropsychological, psychiatric, and inflammatory processes to the expression of cognitive symptoms in post-acute COVID-19 syndrome.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2025Article
- Article
- Review
- Clinical usefulness of the serum levels of neuroinflammatory and lung fibrosis biomarkers in the assessment of cognitive dysfunction in post-COVID19 patients.Scientific reports · 2024Article
- Memory complaints after COVID-19: a potential indicator of primary cognitive impairment or a correlate of psychiatric symptoms?Translational psychiatry · 2024Article
- Systemic cytokines related to memory function 6-9 months and 12-15 months after SARS-CoV-2 infection.Scientific reports · 2024Article
- Long-Term Risk of Reduced Cognitive Performance and Associated Factors in Discharged Older Adults with COVID-19: A Longitudinal Prospective Study.Annals of geriatric medicine and research · 2024Observational
- Evaluation of the Levels of Selected Cytokines and Their Possible Influence on the Development of Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Complications in Patients after COVID-19.Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania) · 2024Article
- Clinical rationale for dietary lutein supplementation in long COVID and mRNA vaccine injury syndromes.F1000Research · 2024Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
17 authors at 4 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
Objective: To analyze the potential impact of sociodemographic, clinical and biological factors on the long-term cognitive outcome of patients who survived moderate and severe forms of COVID-19. Methods: We assessed 710 adult participants (Mean age = 55 ± 14; 48.3% were female) 6 to 11 months after hospital discharge with a complete cognitive battery, as well as a psychiatric, clinical and laboratory evaluation. A large set of inferential statistical methods was used to predict potential variables associated with any long-term cognitive impairment, with a focus on a panel of 28 cytokines and other blood inflammatory and disease severity markers. Results: Concerning the subjective assessment of cognitive performance, 36.1% reported a slightly poorer overall cognitive performance, and 14.6% reported being severely impacted, compared to their pre-COVID-19 status. Multivariate analysis found sex, age, ethnicity, education, comorbidity, frailty and physical activity associated with general cognition. A bivariate analysis found that G-CSF, IFN-alfa2, IL13, IL15, IL1.RA, EL1.alfa, IL45, IL5, IL6, IL7, TNF-Beta, VEGF, Follow-up C-Reactive Protein, and Follow-up D-Dimer were significantly (p<.05) associated with general cognition. However, a LASSO regression that included all follow-up variables, inflammatory markers and cytokines did not support these findings. Conclusion: Though we identified several sociodemographic characteristics that might protect against cognitive impairment following SARS-CoV-2 infection, our data do not support a prominent role for clinical status (both during acute and long-stage of COVID-19) or inflammatory background (also during acute and long-stage of COVID-19) to explain the cognitive deficits that can follow COVID-19 infection.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.