ArticleScience advances2023
Bilirubin is produced nonenzymatically in plants to maintain chloroplast redox status.
Article in Science advances, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 6 papers.
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Who cites it
6 citing papers in PubMed, 12 citations in OpenAlex.
- Introduction of regioselective bacterial heme oxygenases into Arabidopsis hy1-1 supports the retrograde heme signaling hypothesis.Plant physiology · 2026Article
- Live-cell tracking of biliverdin trafficking reveals metabolic exchange between plastids and peroxisomes.Biology open · 2026Article
- Sequential Targeting Chondroitin Sulfate-Bilirubin Nanomedicine Attenuates Osteoarthritis via Reprogramming Lipid Metabolism in M1 Macrophages.Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2025Article
- Immune indicators and depression in adolescents: Associations with monocytes, lymphocytes, and direct bilirubin.World journal of psychiatry · 2025Article
- Bilirubin Distribution in Plants at the Subcellular and Tissue Levels.Plant & cell physiology · 2024Article
- Loss of Biliverdin Reductase Increases Oxidative Stress in the CyanobacteriumMicroorganisms · 2023Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
6 authors at 4 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Bilirubin, a potent antioxidant, is a product of heme catabolism in heterotrophs. Heterotrophs mitigate oxidative stress resulting from free heme by catabolism into bilirubin via biliverdin. Although plants also convert heme to biliverdin, they are generally thought to be incapable of producing bilirubin because they lack biliverdin reductase, the enzyme responsible for bilirubin biosynthesis in heterotrophs. Here, we demonstrate that bilirubin is produced in plant chloroplasts. Live-cell imaging using the bilirubin-dependent fluorescent protein UnaG revealed that bilirubin accumulated in chloroplasts. In vitro, bilirubin was produced nonenzymatically through a reaction between biliverdin and reduced form of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate at concentrations comparable to those in chloroplasts. In addition, increased bilirubin production led to lower reactive oxygen species levels in chloroplasts. Our data refute the generally accepted pathway of heme degradation in plants and suggest that bilirubin contributes to the maintenance of redox status in chloroplasts.
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