ArticleThe oncologist2023
Exocrine Pancreatic Insufficiency Induced by Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors.
Article in The oncologist, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 9 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
9 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 18 citations in OpenAlex.
- Systematic review of immune checkpoint inhibitor-related gastrointestinal, hepatobiliary, and pancreatic adverse events.Journal for immunotherapy of cancer · 2024Pooled it
- Article
- Autoimmune Pancreatitis Re-Classification with Novel Type AIP-4.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- Review
- Immune checkpoint inhibitor-induced pancreatic enzyme elevation in melanoma patients: Incidence, management and therapy-A multicentre analysis.Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology : JEADV · 2025Article
- Investigating Immune Checkpoint Inhibitor-Induced Pancreatic Injury: When to Discontinue Cancer Therapy.Metabolites · 2025Review
- Autoimmune Pancreatitis: A Review.Journal of clinical medicine · 2025Review
- Review
- Pancreas-specific immune-related adverse events in patients with lung cancer: a case series study.Immunotherapy · 2024Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
6 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundScant data describe exocrine pancreatic insufficiency (EPI) secondary to immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI) use. The goal of this study is to describe the incidence, risk factors, and clinical characteristics of patients with ICI-related EPI. PATIENTS AND
methodsA single center, retrospective case-control study was performed of all ICI-treated patients at Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center between January 2011 and July 2020. ICI-related EPI patients had steatorrhea with or without abdominal discomfort or weight loss, started pancrelipase after initiation of ICI, and demonstrated symptomatic improvement with pancrelipase. Controls were matched 2:1 by age, race, sex, cancer type, and year of ICI start.
resultsOf 12 905 ICI-treated patients, 23 patients developed ICI-related EPI and were matched to 46 controls. The incidence rate of EPI was 1.18 cases per 1000 person-years and the median onset of EPI was 390 days after the first dose of ICI. All 23 (100%) EPI cases had steatorrhea that improved with pancrelipase, 12 (52.2%) had weight loss, and 9 (39.1%) had abdominal discomfort; none had changes of chronic pancreatitis on imaging. Nine (39%) EPI patients had episodes of clinical acute pancreatitis preceding the onset of EPI, compared to 1 (2%) control (OR 18.0 (2.5-789.0), P < .001). Finally, the EPI group exhibited higher proportions of new or worsening hyperglycemia after ICI exposure compared with the control group (9 (39.1%) vs. 3 (6.5%), P < .01).
conclusionICI-related EPI is a rare but clinically significant event that should be considered in patients with late onset diarrhea after ICI treatment and often is associated with development of hyperglycemia and diabetes.
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