ArticleOpen forum infectious diseases2023
Effectiveness of the Coronavirus Disease 2019 Bivalent Vaccine.
Article in Open forum infectious diseases, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 52 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
52 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 99 citations in OpenAlex.
- Factors affecting the impact of COVID-19 vaccination on post COVID-19 conditions among adults: A systematic literature review.Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2025Pooled it
- Relative effectiveness of bivalent COVID-19 vaccine: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Frontiers in medicine · 2023Pooled it
- Post-Hoc Analysis of Potential Correlates of Protection of a Recombinant SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein Extracellular Domain Vaccine Formulated with Advax-CpG55.2-Adjuvant.International journal of molecular sciences · 2024Trial
- Hybrid immunity against reinfection with SARS-CoV-2 following a previous SARS-CoV-2 infection and single dose of the BNT162b2 vaccine in children and adolescents: a target trial emulation.The Lancet. Microbe · 2023Trial
- Potent type-specific de novo antibodies complement broadly reactive imprinted antibodies in immune responses to SARS-CoV-2 variants.Nature immunology · 2026Article
- Article
- Updated profiling of COVID-19 vaccine adverse events using VAERS case reports.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2026Article
- Comprehensive analysis of human coronavirus antibody responses in ICU and non-ICU COVID-19 patients reveals IgG3 against SARS-CoV-2 spike protein as a key biomarker of disease severity.Journal of medical microbiology · 2025Article
- Effectiveness of mRNA COVID-19 Vaccines and Hybrid Immunity in Preventing SARS-CoV-2 Infection and Symptomatic COVID-19 Among Adults in the United States.The Journal of infectious diseases · 2025Article
- A third COVID-19 vaccine dose in kidney transplant recipients induces antibody response to vaccine and Omicron variants but shows limited Ig subclass switching.Microbiology spectrum · 2025Article
- Article
- Beta-variant recombinant SARS CoV-2 vaccine induces durable cross-reactive antibodies against Omicron BA variants.Communications medicine · 2025Article
- Response: "Letter to the Editor: Lessons to Be Learned From the COVID-19 Pandemic: Some Further Ideas".International journal of public health · 2025Article
- Lessons to Be Learned From the COVID-19 Pandemic: Some Further Ideas.International journal of public health · 2025Article
- Cohort-resolved excess mortality in Germany (2000-2024): Patterns and implications for the SARS-CoV-2 era.PloS one · 2025Article
- Clinical development of SpikoGen®, an Advax-CpG55.2 adjuvanted recombinant spike protein vaccine.Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2024Review
- Antigenic Imprinting Dominates Humoral Responses to New Variants of SARS-CoV-2 in a Hamster Model of COVID-19.Microorganisms · 2024Article
- Vaccination against rapidly evolving pathogens and the entanglements of memory.Nature immunology · 2024Review
- BNT162b2 Versus mRNA-1273 Vaccines: Comparative Analysis of Long-Term Protection Against SARS-CoV-2 Infection and Severe COVID-19 in Qatar.Influenza and other respiratory viruses · 2024Article
- Protection of Omicron Bivalent Vaccine, Previous Infection, and Their Induced Neutralizing Antibodies Against Symptomatic Infection With Omicron XBB.1.16 and EG.5.1.Open forum infectious diseases · 2024Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
6 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Background: The purpose of this study was to evaluate whether a bivalent coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccine protects against COVID-19. Methods: The study included employees of Cleveland Clinic in employment when the bivalent COVID-19 vaccine first became available. Cumulative incidence of COVID-19 over the following 26 weeks was examined. Protection provided by vaccination (analyzed as a time-dependent covariate) was evaluated using Cox proportional hazards regression, with change in dominant circulating lineages over time accounted for by time-dependent coefficients. The analysis was adjusted for the pandemic phase when the last prior COVID-19 episode occurred and the number of prior vaccine doses. Results: Among 51 017 employees, COVID-19 occurred in 4424 (8.7%) during the study. In multivariable analysis, the bivalent-vaccinated state was associated with lower risk of COVID-19 during the BA.4/5-dominant (hazard ratio, 0.71 [95% confidence interval, .63-79]) and the BQ-dominant (0.80 [.69-.94]) phases, but decreased risk was not found during the XBB-dominant phase (0.96 [.82-.1.12]). The estimated vaccine effectiveness was 29% (95% confidence interval, 21%-37%), 20% (6%-31%), and 4% (-12% to 18%), during the BA.4/5-, BQ-, and XBB-dominant phases, respectively. The risk of COVID-19 also increased with time since the most recent prior COVID-19 episode and with the number of vaccine doses previously received. Conclusions: The bivalent COVID-19 vaccine given to working-aged adults afforded modest protection overall against COVID-19 while the BA.4/5 lineages were the dominant circulating strains, afforded less protection when the BQ lineages were dominant, and effectiveness was not demonstrated when the XBB lineages were dominant.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.