The motivation to flock correlates with vocal-social behaviors and dopamine-related gene expression in male European starlings.

It is proposed that songbird flocks are partly reinforced by positive social interactions, however not all flock mate interactions are positive. The combination of both positive and negative social interactions with flock mates may play a role in the motivation for birds to flock. The nucleus accumbens (NAc), medial preoptic area (POM), and ventral tegmental area (VTA) are implicated in vocal-social behaviors in flocks, including singing. Dopamine (DA) within these regions modifies motivated, reward-directed behaviors. Here, we begin to test the hypothesis that individual social interactions and DA within these regions are involved in the motivation to flock. Vocal-social behaviors were recorded in eighteen male European starlings in mixed-sex flocks in fall, when starlings are highly social and form large flocks. Males were then singly removed from their flock and the motivation to flock was quantified as the amount of time spent attempting to join a flock following separation. We used quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction to measure expression of DA-related genes in the NAc, POM, and VTA. Birds producing high levels of vocal behaviors were more highly motivated to flock and had higher tyrosine hydroxylase (the rate-limiting enzyme in DA synthesis) expression in the NAc and VTA. Birds that received high levels of agonistic behaviors were less motivated to flock and had higher DA receptor subtype 1 expression in the POM. Overall, our findings suggest that interplay between social experience and DA activity in NAc, POM, and VTA plays a key role in social motivation in flocking songbirds.