ArticleBMJ open2023
Dietary patterns in rural and metropolitan Australia: a cross-sectional study exploring dietary patterns, inflammation and association with cardiovascular disease risk factors.
Article in BMJ open, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 9 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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The trial behind it
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Who cites it
9 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 12 citations in OpenAlex.
- Dietary Patterns Associated With Anti-inflammatory Effects: An Umbrella Review of Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses.Nutrition reviews · 2026Pooled it
- What Do Australians Eat? A Systematic Review of Dietary Patterns and Adverse Health Outcomes.Nutrition reviews · 2025Pooled it
- The effect of telehealth-based medical nutrition therapy on cardiovascular disease risk factors in a rural population: a secondary analysis of outcomes related to nutrition, health and well-being from the healthy rural hearts randomised controlled trial.The international journal of behavioral nutrition and physical activity · 2025Trial
- Diet quality and depressive symptoms in older adults, assessing the effect modification by genetic predisposition and low-grade inflammation: a target trial emulation.Molecular psychiatry · 2026Article
- Anti-inflammatory diet and mental health outcomes in an aging population: evidence from a preventive population-based target trial emulation.GeroScience · 2026Article
- Rural Food Forward: An Appetite for Change.The Australian journal of rural health · 2025Article
- Article
- The predictive value of the hs-CRP/HDL-C ratio, an inflammation-lipid composite marker, for cardiovascular disease in middle-aged and elderly people: evidence from a large national cohort study.Lipids in health and disease · 2024Article
- Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
12 authors at 3 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
objectivesThis study sought first to empirically define dietary patterns and to apply the novel Dietary Inflammation Score (DIS) in data from rural and metropolitan populations in Australia, and second to investigate associations with cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors.
designCross-sectional study.
settingRural and metropolitan Australia.
participantsAdults over the age of 18 years living in rural or metropolitan Australia who participated in the Australian Health survey. PRIMARY OUTCOMES: A posteriori dietary patterns for participants separated into rural and metropolitan populations using principal component analysis. SECONDARY OUTCOMES: association of each dietary pattern and DIS with CVD risk factors was explored using logistic regression.
resultsThe sample included 713 rural and 1185 metropolitan participants. The rural sample was significantly older (mean age 52.7 compared with 48.6 years) and had a higher prevalence of CVD risk factors. Two primary dietary patterns were derived from each population (four in total), and dietary patterns were different between the rural and metropolitan areas. None of the identified patterns were associated with CVD risk factors in metropolitan or rural areas, aside diet pattern 2 being strongly associated with from self-reported ischaemic heart disease (OR 13.90 95% CI 2.29 to 84.3) in rural areas. There were no significant differences between the DIS and CVD risk factors across the two populations, except for a higher DIS being associated with overweight/obesity in rural areas.
conclusionExploration of dietary patterns between rural and metropolitan Australia shows differences between the two populations, possibly reflective of distinct cultures, socioeconomic factors, geography, food access and/or food environments in the different areas. Our study provides evidence that action targeting healthier dietary intakes needs to be tailored to rurality in the Australian context.
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Registered trials
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