ArticlePloS one2023
Use of latent class analysis and patient reported outcome measures to identify distinct long COVID phenotypes: A longitudinal cohort study.
Article in PloS one, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 20 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
20 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Health-related quality of life in COVID-19 patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis of EQ-5D studies.Health and quality of life outcomes · 2025Pooled it
- Pooled it
- Trial
- Using Patient-Reported Outcome Measures to Identify Mobility Limitation in Incurable Cancer.Archives of rehabilitation research and clinical translation · 2026Article
- Health-related quality of life profiles and trajectories of patients with post COVID-19 condition: a latent Markov model.Archives of public health = Archives belges de sante publique · 2026Article
- Long COVID longitudinal symptoms burden clusters within a national community-based cohort.BMC infectious diseases · 2026Article
- Assessment of long COVID symptom burden in patients testing positive for SARS-CoV-2 at a nationwide retail pharmacy.PloS one · 2026Article
- Understanding quality-of-life patterns in long COVID: How Symptoms and socioeconomic conditions shape patient wellbeing.PloS one · 2026Observational
- Identifying subtypes of Long COVID: a systematic review.EClinicalMedicine · 2026Article
- Long COVID Longitudinal Symptoms Burden Clusters Within A National Community-Based Cohort.medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences · 2025Article
- Long COVID's Hidden Complexity: Machine Learning Reveals Why Personalized Care Remains Essential.Journal of clinical medicine · 2025Article
- Trajectories of Health-Related Quality of Life 2 Years After Mild/Moderate Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Infection in the Pre-Omicron Era.Open forum infectious diseases · 2025Article
- Health-related adverse work outcomes associated with post COVID-19 condition: a cross-sectional study.BMJ public health · 2025Article
- Article
- Association between COVID-19 vaccination, SARS-CoV-2 variants, and post COVID-19 condition: A cross-sectional study.PloS one · 2025Article
- CORACLE (COVID-19 liteRAture CompiLEr): A platform for efficient tracking and extraction of SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19 literature, with examples from post-COVID with respiratory involvement.Computational and structural biotechnology journal · 2024Article
- Associations between symptom-based long COVID clusters and long-term quality of life, work and daily activities among individuals testing positive for SARS-CoV-2 at a national retail pharmacy.Journal of patient-reported outcomes · 2024Article
- Low-dose naltrexone for post-COVID fatigue syndrome: a study protocol for a double-blind, randomised trial in British Columbia.BMJ open · 2024Article
- Cluster analysis identifies long COVID subtypes in Belgian patients.Biology methods & protocols · 2024Article
- Health-related quality of life profiles in adolescents and young adults with chronic conditions.Quality of life research : an international journal of quality of life aspects of treatment, care and rehabilitation · 2023Article
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9 authors.
Funding
Abstract
objectivesWe sought to 1) identify long COVID phenotypes based on patient reported outcome measures (PROMs) and 2) determine whether the phenotypes were associated with quality of life (QoL) and/or lung function.
methodsThis was a longitudinal cohort study of hospitalized and non-hospitalized patients from March 2020 to January 2022 that was conducted across 4 Post-COVID Recovery Clinics in British Columbia, Canada. Latent class analysis was used to identify long COVID phenotypes using baseline PROMs (fatigue, dyspnea, cough, anxiety, depression, and post-traumatic stress disorder). We then explored the association between the phenotypes and QoL (using the EuroQoL 5 dimensions visual analogue scale [EQ5D VAS]) and lung function (using the diffusing capacity of the lung for carbon monoxide [DLCO]).
resultsThere were 1,344 patients enrolled in the study (mean age 51 ±15 years; 780 [58%] were females; 769 (57%) were of a non-White race). Three distinct long COVID phenotypes were identified: Class 1) fatigue and dyspnea, Class 2) anxiety and depression, and Class 3) fatigue, dyspnea, anxiety, and depression. Class 3 had a significantly lower EQ5D VAS at 3 (50±19) and 6 months (54 ± 22) compared to Classes 1 and 2 (p<0.001). The EQ5D VAS significantly improved between 3 and 6 months for Class 1 (median difference of 6.0 [95% CI, 4.0 to 8.0]) and Class 3 (median difference of 5.0 [95% CI, 0 to 8.5]). There were no differences in DLCO between the classes.
conclusionsThere were 3 distinct long COVID phenotypes with different outcomes in QoL between 3 and 6 months after symptom onset. These phenotypes suggest that long COVID is a heterogeneous condition with distinct subpopulations who may have different outcomes and warrant tailored therapeutic approaches.
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