Evidence map›Paper›PMID 37266685›Full record

ArticlePsychopharmacology2023

Choice between food and cocaine or fentanyl reinforcers under fixed and variable schedules in female and male rhesus monkeys.

W S Doyle, K B Freeman, J Woods, S L Huskinson

Open access · greenAbstract read
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in Psychopharmacology, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 6 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
6citing papers in PubMed
2.9field-weighted citation impact, top 9% of its field
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

6 citing papers in PubMed, 7 citations in OpenAlex.

  1. Article
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4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

4 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.

W S DoyleProgram in Neuroscience, University of Mississippi Medical Center, 2500 N. State Street, Jackson, MS, 39216, USA.
K B FreemanProgram in Neuroscience, University of Mississippi Medical Center, 2500 N. State Street, Jackson, MS, 39216, USA.
J WoodsDepartment of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of Mississippi Medical Center, 2500 N. State Street, Jackson, MS, 39216, USA.
S L HuskinsonProgram in Neuroscience, University of Mississippi Medical Center, 2500 N. State Street, Jackson, MS, 39216, USA. shuskinson@umc.edu.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-8528-0926
Jackson Memorial Hospital · USState Street (United States) · US

Funding

Deterrents for prescription opioid abuseR01DA039167 · NIDA · UNIVERSITY OF MISSISSIPPI MED CTR · PI FREEMAN, KEVIN B. · 2015 to 2025
$4.9M
Benzodiazepine Choice and Polydrug UseR01DA054177 · NIDA · UNIVERSITY OF MISSISSIPPI MED CTR · PI Sally L Huskinson · 2022 to 2026
$2.5M
Unpredictable availability as a determinant of drug-related outcomesR01DA045011 · NIDA · UNIVERSITY OF MISSISSIPPI MED CTR · PI HUSKINSON, SALLY · 2018 to 2022
$1.8M
NIDA NIH HHS DA039167NIDA NIH HHS DA045011NIDA NIH HHS DA054177NIDA NIH HHS R01 DA039167NIDA NIH HHS R01 DA045011NIDA NIH HHS R01 DA054177
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

rationaleIllicit drugs may be unpredictable in terms of the time and effort required to obtain them, and this can be modeled with variable- (VR) vs. fixed-ratio (FR) schedules. In a recent experiment (Zamarripa et al. 2023), the potency of cocaine to maintain choice was greatest under a VR (compared with a FR) when food was available under a FR schedule.

objectivesThe goal of the current study was to extend prior choice results with VR vs. FR schedules to a more efficient procedure with cocaine or fentanyl vs. food. Furthermore, the FR schedule of food delivery was manipulated to determine whether increased drug choice under a VR (compared with a FR) schedule depends on the size of the schedule of nondrug reinforcement.

methodsAdult female (n = 2) and male (n = 4) monkeys chose between cocaine (0-30 µg/kg/injection) or fentanyl (0-1.0 µg/kg/injection) and food (2 pellets/delivery) under a 5-component procedure. In different conditions, food was available under a FR 25, 50, or 100 and cocaine or fentanyl were available under FR or VR 100 schedules.

resultsCocaine's potency to maintain choice was greatest under a VR 100 (compared with FR 100) when food was available under a FR 50 or 100, and fentanyl's potency to maintain choice was generally greatest under a VR 100 (compared with FR 100) when food was available under a FR 25 or 100. However, outcomes between FR and VR schedules with fentanyl were less robust compared with cocaine.

conclusionVariability in the time and effort required to obtain illicit drugs could contribute to excessive allocation of behavior toward drug use at the expense of more predictable nondrug alternatives, supporting treatment or policies aimed at making drug access more predictable through agonist medications or a safe supply. The impact of variable requirements on drug choice may be reduced if nondrug reinforcers are relatively less costly, supporting the use of low-cost reinforcers in behavioral therapies like contingency management.

Indexed as

CocaineAnimalsDose-Response Relationship, DrugFemaleFentanylFoodMacaca mulattaMaleReinforcement ScheduleSelf AdministrationCocaineFentanylChoiceCocaineFentanylSelf-administrationVariable-ratio schedule

Identifiers

PMID37266685
PMCPMC10581032
OpenAlexW4379094117

What OpenQuestion holds

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Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.