ArticleNutrition research and practice2023
Estimated dietary vitamin D intake and major vitamin D food sources of Koreans: based on the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2016-2019.
Article in Nutrition research and practice, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 8 papers.
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Who cites it
8 citing papers in PubMed.
- Review
- Article
- Ten-year trends in dietary vitamin D intake and its food sources among Koreans: based on the 2013-2022 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey data.Nutrition research and practice · 2025Article
- Article
- Effects of Consuming Pulsed UV Light-TreatedFoods (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Development and validation of a semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire as a tool for assessing dietary vitamin D intake among Korean women.Nutrition research and practice · 2024Article
- Myopia and Nutrient Associations with Age-Related Eye Diseases in Korean Adults: A Cross-Sectional KNHANES Study.Nutrients · 2024Article
- Article
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5 authors.
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Abstract
BACKGROUND/
objectivesThe purpose of this study was to establish a database (DB) of foods containing vitamin D that were investigated in the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES), to estimate the dietary vitamin D intake, to evaluate the dietary adequacy of this intake, and to identify the major food sources of Koreans that contain vitamin D. SUBJECTS/
methodsThis study used data from the KNHANES 2016-2019. Individuals aged ≥ 1 year who participated in the nutrition survey (n = 28,418) were included. The dietary intake was assessed by the 24-h dietary recall method and individual dietary vitamin D intake was estimated using a newly established vitamin D DB. Dietary adequacy was evaluated by comparing the dietary intake of the participants with adequate intake (AI) as defined by Dietary Reference Intakes for Koreans (KDRIs) 2020.
resultsThe average dietary vitamin D intake for all the subjects was 3.13 μg/d, which was 33.1% of AI. Dietary vitamin D intake was lower in rural residents, the elderly, and those with low income. The major food groups that contributed to the total dietary vitamin D intake were fish and shellfish (61.59%), eggs (17.75%), meat (8.03%), milk (4.25%), legumes (3.93%), and grains (3.84%). The top 10 individual food items that contributed to the total vitamin D intake were eggs (17.44%), squid (8.5%), eels (7.44%), salmon (5.35%), mackerel (5.27%), anchovies (4.65%), yellow croakers (4.58%), pork meat (4.47%), soymilk (4.46%), and skipjack tuna (3.80%).
conclusionThese results show that the mean dietary vitamin D intake of Koreans is lower than the reference AI level. Nutritional policies need to be put in place to increase the vitamin D intake of Koreans in the future. In addition, comprehensive research on all the sources of vitamin D, including intake of supplements and biosynthesis in the skin, is required.
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